China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Industrial Manufacture of Traditional Ayurvedic Medicines
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
Lēpa is a paste of soft consistency, intended for external application. The crude drugs are powdered finely, mixed with specific fluid and made into a paste for applying on the body. Water, cow urine, sesame oil, castor oil, coconut oil, honey, butter, sour buttermilk and clarified butter are the adjuvants generally used (Anonymous 1978f).
Facts about Standardization of Herbal Medicines
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Vandana Garg, Ghazala Zia, Mahima Chauhan, Rohit Dutt
Differentiation of crude drugs may be done on the basis of organoleptic characters such as color, odor, taste, size, and shapes surface characteristics particularly textures and fractures. Examples include a bitter taste of nux vomica, the aromatic odor of Umbelliferae fruits, fractured surfaces of cascara, quillia bark, compound squill of cinchona, and brown color of cinnamon. The shape of the drug may be conical, cylindrical, subcylindrical, and fusiform. Taste of crude drugs may sweet, sour, saline, bitter, and tasteless. The difference in the shape of leaves considered on the basis of types of arrangements of leaves, margin, apex, and its base.
Physico-Chemical Methods for the Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Plant Derivatives and Phytomedicines in Brazil
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Paula Carolina Pires Bueno, Alberto José Cavalheiro
Looking at the definitions available at RDC n. 26 from March 13, 2014, the understanding of three of them is crucial for the correct interpretation of the nomenclature used in the process of registration and division of the physico-chemical tests presented in this chapter: (i) plant crude drug (or plant raw material), (ii) plant derivatives, which are plant active raw materials (or plant active pharmaceutical ingredients) and (iii) herbal medicine product (or phytomedicine).
The extraordinary transformation of traditional Chinese medicine: processing with liquid excipients
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Zhi Chen, Si-Yong Ye, Rong-Gang Zhu
Compared to the raw decoction, processed decoction with proper liquid excipients can play a better role in disease prevention and treatment and this has been proven reliable and reasonable in the long clinical practice of TCM. However, this method also complicates the components of TCM. The chemical components of crude drugs may change dramatically during processing. In some cases, the change of chemical components is consistent with the purpose of processing with liquid excipients and can be verified by the modern research results (Zhong et al. 2019a). But in some cases, the processing theory remains to be explored. Meanwhile, the source and quality of liquid excipients notably affect the efficacy of processed drugs. The chemical components of raw decoction and processed decoction differ: new components may be formed or the relative contents may change; other components may disappear or their contents may decrease (Liu et al. 2020). Thus, the processing with liquid excipients needs to be further organized, validated and implemented with scientific understanding to safeguard the quality of TCM. Significant progress made in this direction in the recent years necessitates a systematic review to summarize the accumulated knowledge. This review summarizes the history and various processing methods with liquid excipients and highlights the possible material bases for the changing before and after processing in recent years.
Changes in chemical components and antitumor activity during the heating process of Fructus Arctii
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Jing Hu, Yun Shi, Bing Yang, Zibo Dong, Xinxin Si, Kunming Qin
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) processing is a pharmaceutical technique that fulfills different requirements of therapy, dispensing, and making preparations (Zhao et al. 2010). Processing practices, which include stir-heating, charring, steaming, boiling, calcining, have been used to enhance the efficacy and/or reduce the toxicity of crude drugs (Cai 2009). The main mechanisms underlying processing are changes in the compositions of TCM drugs. Red ginseng is one of the representative examples of a processed herbal medicine. Heat processing can enhance the antitumor effects of ginseng by increasing the contents of ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 (Wang et al. 2008; Choi et al. 2015; Park et al. 2016); it is generally thought that these changes in biological activity or alterations in components by processing can also occur in other TCM (Yoo et al. 2007).
Investigation of the mechanisms of Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity by a cell metabolomics strategy combined with serum pharmacology in HL-7702 liver cells
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Zhipeng Wang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Quanli Liu, Linjia Sun, Mingming Lv, Peipei Yu, Xiaohui Chen
Serum pharmacology, in which drug or drug compound are given to animals orally, and blood is collected to separate serum after definite time and then the drug serum is used for experimental study in vitro, which has proven to be effective in pharmacological research on traditional Chinese medicine (Sun et al., 2007). It could be inferred that the compositions of most Chinese traditional medicine do not work until they undergo a series of biotransformation after digest and absorption in gastrointestinal tract (Cao et al., 2013). As a Chinese traditional medicine, the compositions of GF are complex and the detailed process of metabolism cannot be learned clearly. Besides, there is usually such a situation that drug metabolite might have stronger toxicity than crude drug, which suggests that drug metabolite might also participate in the process of toxicity. Thus, the traditional pharmacology in which crude drugs are directly added into the culture system of cells in vitro seems unscientific and undesirable in this experimental study. Compared with traditional pharmacology, serum pharmacology has the advantages of good authenticity, huge rationality and wide range of applications. It might be explained that serum pharmacology gets over the interferes of crude drugs physical and chemical character on experiment results, builds similar environment where drugs work in vivo and sets up the bridge of experiment in vitro and experiment in vivo for Chinese traditional medicine pharmacology study (Bochu et al., 2005). Therefore, serum pharmacology was adopted to study the hepatotoxicity induced by GF in this study.