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Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
Cinchona has been cultivated for its quinine-rich bark and roots in numerous tropical places across the world. Quinine was used to cure malaria and had an enormous economic impact from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. Cinchona's importance waned when quinine was synthesized in 1944, although natural quinine is still used in places where the synthetic is unavailable and for other therapeutic purposes (Jäger, 2004).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Bark extracts used in beverages and bitters not to exceed circa 800 and 100 ppm. Essential oil used, up to circa 75 ppm used in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy, condiments, desserts, frozen dairy products, and relishes.29 Prominent in some oriental and masculine perfumes, up to 0.4%, creams, detergents, lotions, perfumes, and soaps. Also, used as an aromatic bitter and tonic, sometimes added to tobacco.29 Sometimes added to cinchona to arrest vomiting caused by the cinchona. Morton42 states that it was used instead of quinine when the quinine caused vomiting. Bark yields a good black dye.2 Essential oil is antiseptic.29
Selected Antimalarial Plants
Published in Woon-Chien Teng, Ho Han Kiat, Rossarin Suwanarusk, Hwee-Ling Koh, Medicinal Plants and Malaria, 2016
Woon-Chien Teng, Ho Han Kiat, Rossarin Suwanarusk, Hwee-Ling Koh
Several crude extracts of the bark were used in the 20th century. Totaquina type I was prepared by dissolving soluble constituents of the powdered bark of C. succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch (Rubacieae) with hydrochloric acid, and then adding sodium hydroxide to precipitate the alkaloids, which were then dried to obtain the extract. Totaquina type II was the residual alkaloid content from the bark of C. ledgeriana (Howard) Bern Moens ex Trimen (Rubiaceae) after quinine extraction. Preparations from the total alkaloids of C. ledgeriana containing quinine were also used. From the database compiled in Chapter 3, several preparations of Cinchona bark of different species are used worldwide for malaria treatment, ranging from decoctions, infusions, and alcoholic extracts to powdered forms.
Bacterial effluxome as a barrier against antimicrobial agents: structural biology aspects and drug targeting
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Pownraj Brindangnanam, Ajit Ramesh Sawant, K. Prashanth, Mohane Selvaraj Coumar
To treat these deadly infectious diseases, humans have used both natural product-derived agents (e.g.: quinine from cinchona tree for Malaria) and modern medicines (antibacterial, antibiotics, antiviral, vaccines, etc.) successfully during the past century.4,7–9 Particularly, the discovery of several antimicrobial agents (AMA) in last two centuries had helped to overcome many of the microbial diseases.9,10 However, misuse and/or overuse of AMA without discretions have resulted in the rapid selection of drug-resistant microbes that leads to life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, urinary tract infection and malaria.11 At present, the probable likelihood of (mis)using antibiotics is around 44% for the treatment of viral infections instead of bacterial infections, in many of the countries.12–15
Improvement of solubility, dissolution and stability profile of artemether solid dispersions and self emulsified solid dispersions by solvent evaporation method
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Muhammad Tayyab Ansari, Muhammad Sohail Arshad, Altaf Hussain, Zeeshan Ahmad
Over the years various treatments have been proposed for the eradication of malaria. These include various drug types such as sulfonamides and cinchona alkaloids. However, the emergence of malarial resistance toward conventional treatments has led to persistent risk of infection5. The more recent anti-malarial agent “artemether,” belongs to the Artemisinins family and is an active constituent of Chinese herbs known as qinghao, also termed Artemisia annua. Artemether is metabolized into de-methylated derivative dihydroartemisinin in the liver. Both artemether and its metabolite possess a 1,2,4-trioxane ring, which is an active pharmacophore responsible for anti-malarial properties6 and exhibits efficient schizontocidal action against P. falciparum7,8. However, the poor water solubility of artemether poses obstacles in the development of oral formulations. Although this issue is partly resolved when administered as an intramuscular injection, the development of oral formulations is much preferred, providing greater patient compliance and economical benefits. Solubility enhancement approaches such as solid dispersions (SDs) in water soluble polymers, SESDs, micronization and complex formation with cyclodextrins are expected to yield novel strategies and therapeutic effects9,10.
A systems biology approach to antimalarial drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Wilian Augusto Cortopassi, Tanos Celmar Costa Franca, Antoniana Ursine Krettli
The first treatment for malaria consisted on infusions from the bark of Cinchona trees native in the Peruvian Amazon, beginning in the 1600s [26]. The alkaloid quinine, responsible for the medicinal effect of these infusions, was isolated and characterized from the tree extract later in 1817 by two French chemists, Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou. Following the discovery of quinine, other antimalarials were synthesized based on this molecule, e.g. chloroquine, during World War II, primaquine (1946). A synthetic derivative of ethyl-pyrimidine, pyrimethamine, was synthesized in 1952 and largely used in combination with sulphonamides [27]. Aiming to treat the chloroquine-resistant parasites, mefloquine was synthesized in 1970, but drug-resistant parasites were rapidly reported [28]. In the 1980s, a new class of compounds, the artemisinin derivatives, was obtained from an ancient medicinal plant, Artemisia annua, as rather powerful drugs that rapidly cleared out the circulating blood parasites in comatose patients, including drug-resistant P. falciparum parasites [18].