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Muscle Cramps/Night (Nocturnal) Cramps
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Vitamin E: Doses of vitamin E (400-600 mg/day) have been reported to afford symptomatic improvement in night cramps.12 Vitamin E (d-a-tocopheryl acetate) in doses of 300-400 IU/day was also reported to be more effective than quinine, a drug that was commonly prescribed for nocturnal leg cramps but is no longer recommended. In addition, vitamin E is safer than quinine.13
Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The two major antimalarial drugs are chloroquine and quinine. Chloroquine is the primary drug used for the treatment of malaria, as well as for chemoprophylaxis in pregnant women who must travel to endemic areas (Diro and Beydoun, 1982). Although there have been no studies of infants whose mothers were treated for malaria during pregnancy with chloroquine, one study reported no increased frequency of congenital anomalies among 169 infants whose mothers received weekly low doses of the drug for malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy (Wolfe and Cordero, 1985). Quinine is used primarily for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Although there are no large studies regarding its use during pregnancy, increased malformations have been reported when large doses were used to attempt abortion (Nishimura and Tanimura, 1976). Quinine sulfate tablets have also been utilized for leg cramps, but their efficacy is unproven. Although not recommended for the treatment of leg cramps during pregnancy, the antimalarial quinines should not be withheld in the seriously ill pregnant woman with chloroquine-resistant malaria.
Medications
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Quinine tablets are used for the prevention of nocturnal leg cramps but the beneficial effect is small.88 They can cause serious side effects including thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, vertigo, tinnitus, vomiting, visual disturbance and confusion. Use of quinine is also associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury.89 It is worth considering whether the benefits for a particular patient outweigh the risks.
Fifty years after the eradication of Malaria in Italy. The long pathway toward this great goal and the current health risks of imported malaria
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Mariano Martini, Andrea Angheben, Niccolò Riccardi, Davide Orsini
Leaving aside these polemics, it was precisely the presence of doctors and scientists in the Chamber of Deputies that led Parliament to pass some laws in the first few years of the 20th century. Drawn up mainly by the malariologist Angelo Celli, these helped to change the destiny of so many regions afflicted by the disease [23]. Law 505 of 1900, dubbed the ‘State Quinine Law’ [32], authorized the Minister of Finance to purchase quinine directly from the producers and to sell it to the public at a controlled low price. However, quinine therapy was not proposed only to treat malaria, but also as a means of preventing the disease. Indeed, in an address to the Senate, Carlo Bizzozero asserted that, ‘Now, quinine is no longer only a means of treatment; it is also a highly efficacious means of preventing the disease’ [33].
Artesunate alleviates the inflammatory response of ulcerative colitis by regulating the expression of miR-155
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Zhao-Bin Yang, Lu-Zhen Qiu, Quan Chen, Jian-Dong Lin
Artesunate (ART) is a water-soluble semisynthetic derivative of the sesquiterpene lactone compound artemisinin (Li et al. 2019). It has been used to treat severe malaria with desirable outcome for a number of years. Most importantly, it is considered to be safe with minimal side effects than quinine (a traditionally prescribed drug to treat severe malaria) (Dondorp et al. 2010; Kunte and Kunwar 2011). Studies have also shown that it has activities other than being antimalarial, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, as well as antioxidative properties (Zhao and Song 1989; Zuo et al. 2016). In a study aimed at evaluating the role of ART and its possible mechanism of action in DSS-induced colitis, it was reported that ART alleviated UC via down-regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic markers by regulating the TLR4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway (Chen et al. 2019), suggesting that ART has anti-inflammatory properties. However, how it suppresses inflammatory responses at the molecular level still needs to elucidate.
Fluorinated scaffolds for antimalarial drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Charu Upadhyay, Monika Chaudhary, Ronaldo N. De Oliveira, Aniko Borbas, Prakasha Kempaiah, Poonam S, Brijesh Rathi
Quinine is an old anti-malarial drug that originated from the bark of cinchona tree [82]. The ability of quinine to inhibit bio-mineralization of hemozoin shows its potency against the malaria parasite [83]. Bucher, C. and coauthors have synthesized a chemical library of selectively fluorinated quinine scaffolds [84]. Twenty novel fluorinated quinine alkaloid compounds were screened against the PfNF54 strain of the malaria parasite using 3 H-hypoxanthine assay. According to the summarized activity data, it was identified that the presence of the azabicyclo[2.2.2] core is critical for drug efficacy. Replacing the quinuclidine moiety with the ring-expanded [3.2.2]-bicyclic moiety showed a major loss in antimalarial activity, as noted for the hydroquinidine analogue 68 (IC50 = 9530 nM).