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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The natural opiates include opium, morphine, and codeine (131). Opium is the latex obtained from the poppy plant namely Papaver somniferum belonging to the family Papaveraceae. Opium is mainly smoked with the aid of a special pipe, and sometimes prepared as a pill then swallowed. It gives to the addict a similar sensation as that of heroin and morphine, and has the same side effects. Opium addiction began since ancient times, mostly in Asia. Opiate addiction is now becoming a worldwide problem as 13–22 million people are afflicted; Asia encompasses more than half of that (131).
Effect of opium
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Hahnemann suggested that this aggravation of symptoms is due to similar symptomatology produced by drugs as well as symptoms produced by disease. This suggestion was made on the basis of the effects produced by opium in a healthy body. Here Hahnemann once again made the wrong conclusion. How? Opium and its derivatives are drugs of addiction. Morphine (opium derivatives) produces a sense of emotional well-being termed as euphoria. Euphoria eliminates the normal fear, panic, and aids the analgesic action of morphine. The ability to produce euphoria makes morphine one of the worst drugs of addiction (Satoskar & Bhandarkar, 1988, p. 121).
Pharmacology of Opioids
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Opium and its many preparations have been used for the treatment of pain for over 2000 years. Many of its pharmacological effects, such as euphoria and sedation, appear to have been known as far back as at least 3000 bc at the time of the ancient Sumerians and Minoans, and mention is made of its analgesic effect in Egyptian mythology (Benedetti & Premuda, 1990). However, while its use has continued over the years, and while it was prescribed by physicians such as Hippocrates for a variety of ailments, the first accepted written reference to its analgesic properties is said to be found in the third century bc writings of Theophrastus (a pupil of Plato and Aristotle), who also described its lethal effects (Benedetti & Premuda, 1990).
Current and emerging pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence treatments in adults: a comprehensive update
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson, Amanda M. Acuña, M. Foster Olive
Opium is a naturally occurring substance derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum, and contains various bioactive opioid alkaloids, such as morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and others. Recorded history of use of opium for relief of pain and a variety of other medical ailments date back more than six millennia. In the latter half of the 19th century, chemical isolation of morphine from opium, the discovery of its conversion to diacetylmorphine (heroin) by boiling in acetic anhydride, and the invention of the hypodermic syringe, collectively led to widespread intravenous opioid use which revealed the high abuse dependence of these otherwise therapeutic compounds [1]. Over the next century, a multitude of synthetic and semisynthetic opioids were developed for use in the treatment of chronic pain, cough, and diarrhea, the most commonly prescribed being hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, tramadol, and meperidine.
The effects of Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy) on health, its controversies and consensus evidence
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mahdiyeh Hedayati-Moghadam, Seyyed Ali Moezi, Toba Kazemi, Abdul Sami, Muhammad Akram, Rida Zainab, Mohammad Reza Khazdair
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as “Opium poppy” is an annual plant growing to about 100 cm (40 inches) tall, which belongs to the Papaveraceae family (Dasgupta 2019). Opium is the latex (a milky fluid) of unripe pods of poppy, which is obtained from the plants 1–3 weeks after flowering (Figure 1). The milky fluid is collected by the notch of green seed pods (Dasgupta 2019). Since past, up to now, it was believed opium consumption attenuated metabolic disorders risk factors thus, prescription of opium as a traditional drug has been more common among people who struck to Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (11.2%) than healthy people (2.6%) (Fatehi et al.2013). Herbal medicines are popular in most populations, and people who have used them possess valuable information about these plants (Mortazavi Moghaddam et al.2020, Khazdair et al.2021). Although several pharmacological activities of herbal were reported, some herbs have several toxicity effects on animals and the human body (Anaeigoudari et al.2020, Farkhondeh et al.2020). Although the prevalence of opium abuse was declined compared to the increase of the other substance abuses in the world, although in some societies, such as Iran, opium consumption is still the major drug of abuse (Ziaaddini and Ziaaddini 2005).
Surveillance by oral fluid of drugs subject to misuse among individuals under arrest
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2021
Stephen Magura, Bridget E. Weller, Dawn R. Smith, Matthew M. Saxton, Piyadarsha Amaratunga
We examined the relations among opiate-, 6-MAM- and fentanyl- positive specimens. “Opiates” are defined as opioids without synthetic composition, i.e., solely opium-derived. Note that 6-MAM will cause an opiate-positive ELISA screening test, but fentanyl will not. Among the seven opiate-positives, four were also positive for 6-MAM, indicating that these four opiate-positives were attributable to heroin use, since 6-MAM is a unique metabolite of heroin (8). Also, among seven subjects testing positive for opiates, only one also tested positive for fentanyl, indicating that fentanyl and opiates were usually not being used as a mixture or otherwise close in time. Among the seven subjects testing positive for fentanyl, only one was also positive for 6-MAM, indicating that fentanyl and heroin were usually not being used as a mixture or otherwise close in time.