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Influence of Light on Essential Oil Constituents
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Marie-Christine Cudlik, Gerhard Buchbauer
Also, Young et al. (1990) studied the phototumorigenicity of 5-methoxypsoralen (= 5-MOP, bergapten), a constituent of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit., Rutaceae) oil, by means of model perfumes containing this oil. They concluded that 5-MOP indeed has phototumorigenic potential already at about 5 ppm. Sunscreens were able to significantly lower the tumorigenicity (Young et al., 1990). The chemical profile and photoinduced cytotoxicity of the EO of Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante peel was studied by Menichini et al. (2010). The most abundant compounds were found to be limonene, γ-terpinene, citral, geranial, β-pinene, and α-pinene. The oil also comprised two coumarins, bergapten and citropten. After 100 min of exposure to UV light, the EO showed cytotoxic activity. The phototoxic effect was mainly ascribed to bergapten, as the strong antiproliferative effect of bergapten was not found with citropten (Menichini et al., 2010).
The 1920s: consolidation of the Society, but still no permanent base, and an unfortunate episode involving the Colonial Office
Published in Gordon C. Cook, Twenty-Six Portland Place, 2019
He then introduced more history: [It] has been wittily remarked [that] anti-scorbutics were recognised in the most ancient times, for did not Eve give Adam an apple, and Nebuchadnezzer go out to satisfy his craving by eating grass? From a naval point of view, the beneficent action of eating ‘scurvy grass’ was recognised by Captain [James] Cook [1728–79], but it was due to [James] Lind [1716–94] and Gilbert Blane [1749–1834] that the great preventives, lemon and lime juice, were supplied and regularly issued [to prevent scurvy] when at sea.… As originally prepared, the lime juice was made from sweet limes, Citrus medica, and with lemons, imported chiefly from Spain. In 1793 war stopped these supplies, but in 1802 delivery was resumed, and scurvy, which had obtained a temporary hold, was again almost eliminated. About 1860, by the development of the cultivation of limes in the West Indies, a large quantity was made available, and the contract for the Navy caused the sour lime, Citrus medica var. acida to supersede the sweet limes and lemons formerly in use, and for a time this new lime juice was believed to be better than the old. This has been proved not to be the case, both by results of arctic expeditions under Sir George Nares [1831–1915], and by much recent laboratory experiment.…
Plant-based Nanomaterials and their Antimicrobial Activity
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Mayuri Napagoda, Priyalatha Madhushanthi, Dharani Wanigasekara, Sanjeeva Witharana
Rajesh et al. (2018) produced copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) biogenically from the bud extract of Syzygium aromaticum and thereafter the antimicrobial activity was investigated. The SEM images revealed that the CuNPs were approximately 20 nm in size and spherical in shape. The small size of these CuNPs enabled these materials to interact easily with bacteria than larger particles. The resulted CuNPs exhibited antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. This antibacterial activity of CuNPs was attributed to the release of copper ions (Cu+) which could attach to the cell wall of the bacteria by electrostatic attraction. In addition, the metal ions could penetrate the membrane of the bacteria and exert toxic effects. The antifungal activity studies were also performed against Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium spp. and the synthesized CuNPs exhibited strong fungicidal activity against Penicillium spp. (Rajesh et al. 2018). Shende et al. (2015) prepared biogenic CuNPs using Citrus medica juice. The synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 10–60 nm. Antibacterial activity studies were performed against E. coli, P. acne, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa while the antifungal activity was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Among the tested microorganisms E. coli was the most sensitive bacteria and F. culmorum was the highest sensitive fungi. Considering earlier hypothesis on antimicrobial mechanisms, the investigators proposed a mechanism giving five possibilities; the accumulation of CuNPs on the cell surface would form pits resulting in a leakage, reduction of transmembrane electrochemical potential due to the interaction between CuNPs and the membrane which ultimately affects the membrane integrity, DNA damage due to the interactions between CuNPs and DNA, inactivation of proteins by interacting with sulfhydryl groups of the protein, development of oxidative stress with the entry of CuNPs and Cu2+ into the cell resulting in cell death (Shende et al. 2015).
Effect of essential oils on pathogenic and biofilm-forming Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Hye-Ran Cho, Sang-Do Ha
Though the mechanisms responsible for EO activity against microorganisms are not completely understood, cell membrane disruption may have occurred owing to the presence of lipophilic products (Millezi et al. 2016). Indeed, it has been reported that EOs can increase the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, leading to the leakage of intracellular material. For example, Zhang et al. (2016) reported the disruption of cell permeability after EO treatment, which increased the loss of electrolytes and eventually led to cell death. Several studies have reported that phenolic compounds in EO from the fingered citron (FCEO, Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) can disrupt the cell membrane, interfere in the cellular energy system, and cause the leakage of internal materials (Bajpai et al. 2012, Burt 2004). Li et al. (2019) also reported that EOs can inactivate bacterial cells by reducing the integrity of the membrane, leading to the loss of nucleic acids and proteins through the membrane. In addition, EOs may weaken mitochondrial membranes; by damaging the mitochondria, free radicals are produced that oxidize lipids, proteins, and DNA (Bakkali et al. 2008).
Biological effects of bergamot and its potential therapeutic use as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Sabrina Adorisio, Isabella Muscari, Alessandra Fierabracci, Trinh Thi Thuy, Maria Cristina Marchetti, Emira Ayroldi, Domenico Vittorio Delfino
Bergamot is very sensitive to pedoclimatic soil conditions, thus, it grows almost exclusively in a narrow coastal area that extends from Reggio Calabria to Locri in the southernmost part of the Italian peninsula, where 95% of global bergamot production is concentrated. This province has one of the best habitats for bergamot, as it is the only known place where both yield and quality of the essence can be optimized (Navarra et al. 2015). The word bergamot may have been derived from the Turkish word ‘beg-a-mudi’, meaning ‘Pears of the Prince’, based on its close resemblance to the bergamot pear, a fruit shown in a 1715 painting by B. Bimbi. Alternatively, it may originate from the city of Bergamo, where bergamot oil was sold for the first time (Rapisarda and Germanò 2013). The exact origin of this Citrus fruit is not known; though the yellow-green color may indicate that it is a derivation by genetic mutation from pre-existing Citrus species, such as the sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and citron (Citrus medica). It has been hypothesized that bergamot originated from the Canary Islands, although other sources suggest China, Greece, or the Spanish city of Berga, from which it was transported to Southern Italy (Navarra et al. 2015; Maruca et al. 2017). Due to its particular fragrance, bergamot was initially used primarily by the perfume industry to produce perfumed waters known as ‘bergamot water’ or ‘cologne water’. In addition, it has been utilized for flavoring by the food and confectionery industries and by the pharmaceutical industry to improve the smell of ointments and medicines, as well as for making toothpaste, hair oils, and cosmetic products (Maruca et al. 2017).