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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
‘Citronella oil’ is the essential oil obtained by steam-distillation from the leaves of different species of Cymbopogon, of which Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and Cymbopogon nardus L. (Rendle) (produces citronella oil, Sri Lanka type) are the most important. The oil is used on a large scale as a source of perfumery chemicals such as citronellal, citronellol and geraniol. These aroma chemicals, isolated from the essential oil, are further employed for producing high value semi-synthetic aroma chemicals including hydroxycitronellal, synthetic menthol and esters of geraniol and citronellol such as geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate (1,12). The chemicals find extensive use in soap, candles and incense, perfumery, and in the cosmetic, flavoring and pharmaceutical industries. Citronella oil is also a renowned plant-based insect repellent and has many traditional and Chinese medicinal uses and is very popular in aromatherapy (1,12).
Phytotherapeutic Agents in Epilepsy
Published in Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Citronellol is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol, which is present in the essential oils of various aromatic plant species including citronella oil obtained from Cymbopogon nardus (Fam. Poaceae). This compound has been shown to demonstrate neuroprotective activity against PTZ-and PIC-induced convulsions and MES-induced seizures in mice. The results demonstrate that the anticonvulsant activity of citronellol could be, at least in part, explained by the diminution of the action potential amplitude.60
Oral gel loaded with penciclovir–lavender oil nanoemulsion to enhance bioavailability and alleviate pain associated with herpes labialis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Khaled M. Hosny, Amal M. Sindi, Hala M. Alkhalidi, Mallesh Kurakula, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Walaa A. Abualsunun, Rana B. Bakhaidar, Rahaf H. Bahmdan, Waleed Y. Rizg, Sarah A. Ali, Wesam H. Abdulaal, Majed S. Nassar, Mohammed S. Alsuabeyl, Adel F. Alghaith, Sultan Alshehri
PV was obtained as a gift sample from Qingdao Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. Shandong, China. Basil oil, thyme oil, peppermint oil, rosemary oil, LO, citronella oil, verbena oil, and camphor oil were procured from Jiangxi Origin Aromatics Co., Ltd. Jiangxi, China. Tween80, Span80, Steareth-2, Steareth-21, Labrasol, Labrafil 1944, Brij 30, Lauroglycol-FCC, Lutrol-E400, propylene glycol, and Transcutol were obtained as gift samples from Gattefosse (Saint-Priest, France).
Loading, release profile and accelerated stability assessment of monoterpenes-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Aleksandra Zielińska, Nuno R. Ferreira, Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik, Izabela Nowak, Eliana B. Souto
Alpha-pinene (C10H16), also called 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (Galata et al. 2014; Richa et al. 2015) is a universal, available and inexpensive bicyclic monoterpene (Rottava et al. 2010; George et al. 2015; Souto et al. 2019), occurring in the essential oil of several coniferous trees from Pinaceae (genus Pinus) (Wang J et al. 2010), Lamiaceae family (e.g. lavender, genus Lavandula) (Carrasco et al. 2016; Shi et al. 2016), rosemary (genus Rosmarinus, species Rosmarinus officinalis L. Wang W et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2016)) or it can be extracted from mandarin peel oil (Rutaceae family, Citrus reticulate species) (O’Neill 2006). Another analyzed monoterpene – citral (C10H16O), also known as 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal, is recognized as lemon grass (Bhalla et al. 2013; Pereira et al. 2013). This monoterpene is a mixture of two cis/trans-isomeric aldehydes: geranial (citral A) and neral (citral B) (Hagvall et al. 2007). According to Hagvall and Christensson (Hagvall and Bråred Christensson 2014), this both of geometric isomers are the major oxidation products in the autoxidation of geraniol (Weng et al. 2015). Geraniol (C10H18O), chemically noted as a terpenoic alcohol: (Z)−3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol, exists mainly in rose oil, palmarosa oil or citronella oil (Hagvall et al. 2007). A chiral molecule as well as colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene (Jongedijk et al. 2016) describes limonene (C10H16), also known as 3,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene or 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene. This compound has two isomers (Fukumoto et al. 2008): R-(+)-limonene (L-limonene), occurring mainly in mint oil and having turpentine-like aroma; as well as S-(-)-limonene (D-limonene) – more widespread than L-isomer and characterized by a strong orange aroma (Hagvall and Bråred Christensson 2014). Chemical structures of selected monoterpenes are shown in Figure 1. Due to the nanometric size, capacity to modify the release profile of loaded bioactives, non-toxic profile (Doktorovova, Silva, et al. 2014; Doktorovova, Souto, et al. 2014; Doktorovova et al. 2016), and suitability for topical application (Souto et al. 2004; Souto and Muller 2005, 2008; Carbone et al. 2018; Carbone et al. 2019), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were selected as carriers for the plant-derived monoterpenes (Pereira et al. 2018; Zielinska et al. 2018; Souto et al. 2019). The purpose of this work has been the loading of selected monoterpenes with recognized antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant activity, i.e. alpha-pinene, citral, geraniol and limonene, into lipid nanoparticles composed of solid lipids (SLN). The physicochemical characterization of non-loaded and monoterpenes-loaded SLN included the determination of the particle size and size distribution, zeta potential, release profile, accelerated stability, encapsulation parameters and crystallinity (by x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter).