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Vascular Graft and Endograft Infection
Published in James Michael Forsyth, How to Be a Safe Consultant Vascular Surgeon from Day One, 2023
The patient is started on co-trimoxazole. This causes renal failure. This is switched to oral ciprofloxacin and intravenous teicoplanin. The ciprofloxacin also gives the patient severe side-effects. This is stopped, and he continues on just IV teicoplanin via a midline. By this point (a few weeks later), the patient and microbiology think he should proceed with explantation. How would you plan the explantation?“As the circle of Willis is not patent, I would speak to neuroradiology about a carotid balloon occlusion test. My concern is that if we take him to theatre, and things turned ugly, we might have to ligate the right carotid artery. I would want to know if he would tolerate this. I also want to know if I needed to shunt the patient.”
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole are antibiotics that are frequently used to treat bacterial and fungal infections respectively. Ciprofloxacin (Figure 8.13) is an antibiotic belong to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, 2018). The primary mechanism is the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase (Campoli et al., 1988). The drug has demonstrated higher potency than other fluoroquinolones (Lebel, 1988). It is also prescribed in treating pneumonia, gonorrhea, typhoid, infectious diarrhea, skin infection, bone, joint, abdomen, prostate, bronchitis, urinary tract, and skin infections. Ciprofloxacin is taken orally but it some cases intravenous administration is preferred (Campoli et al., 1988; Ciprofloxacin, 2018).
Formulary
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic 4-quinolone derivative, with bactericidal activity. It acts via inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase, ultimately resulting in interference with DNA function. Ciprofloxacin is highly active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and has shown activity against some anaerobes.
The nano-based theranostics for respiratory complications of COVID-19
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Mahsa Ghasemzad, Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian, Arash Memarnejadian, Iman Akbarzadeh, Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer, Massoud Vosough
Niosomes are the organic spherical bilayer vesicles. Niosomes consist of nonionic surfactants (e.g. span, and tween cholesterol). They have notable roles in drug delivery for hydrophobic, hydrophilic and biophilic therapeutic agents simultaneously [49]. Structures of niosomes are classified as SUV, LUV and MLV. Thin-film hydration is the most common method for noisome preparation. Niosomes are similar to liposomes but have some extra advantages. Production scale-up of niosomes is more feasible and cost-benefit than that of the liposomes [49]. Inhalable niosomes were used in the delivery of curcumin for the treatment of lung cancer. They have a high bioavailability at the site of action, a sustained release and high stabilities in the lungs [41]. An in vitro study reported that ciprofloxacin-loaded noisome could increase its antimicrobial effects. Inhalation therapy by aerosolized ciprofloxacin may be a promising treatment approach for the pulmonary infections. Cytotoxicity assays showed that ciprofloxacin-loaded noisome had a significantly lower toxicity than free ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05) [50].
Pharmacokinetics of gallic acid and protocatechuic acid in humans after dosing with Relinqing (RLQ) and the potential for RLQ-perpetrated drug–drug interactions on organic anion transporter (OAT) 1/3
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Ziqiang Li, Xi Du, Yanfen Li, Ruihua Wang, Changxiao Liu, Yanguang Cao, Weidang Wu, Jinxia Sun, Baohe Wang, Yuhong Huang
Although drug therapy using RLQ alone is a feasible and effective treatment in patients with urinary system infection, it is commonly co-administered with antibiotics to enhance UTIs’ treatment (Liao et al. 2011). Ciprofloxacin has been extensively used alone or in combination with other antibacterial drugs in the empiric treatment of infections for which the bacterial pathogen has not been identified (Lu et al. 2016). As reported in the literature, ciprofloxacin is a substrate of transporters OAT1 (Mulgaonkar et al. 2013), OAT3 (Mulgaonkar et al. 2013), MDR1 (Zimmermann et al. 2019), BCRP (Haslam et al. 2011), OATP (Xiao et al. 2014) and OCT2 (Zakelj et al. 2006). The possibility of drug interactions is greatly increased after the combination of RLQ and ciprofloxacin. A previous study has shown that the concomitant administration of RLQ results in an approximately 70% reduction in systemic exposure to ciprofloxacin and an 89% increase in the clearance levels (Lu et al. 2016). The inhibitory effect of GA and PCA on the basolateral uptake transporters OAT1, OAT3 and OCT2 in the proximal tubules of the kidney would seem to increase the systemic circulation of ciprofloxacin (Vanwert et al. 2008), which is not consistent with the 70% reduction in the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin reported by (Lu et al. 2016). Hence the reduction in the plasma ciprofloxacin concentrations would be attributed to GA and PCA’s enhancement effect on the apical efflux transporters MDR1 and BCRP in the enterocyte, hepatocytes and renal tubule cells (Alvarez et al. 2008).
Optimization of a dry powder inhaler of ciprofloxacin-loaded polymeric nanomicelles by spray drying process
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Mahdieh Farhangi, Arash Mahboubi, Farzad Kobarfard, Alireza Vatanara, Seyed Alireza Mortazavi
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone that exhibits good antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms (Bosso 1989). Ciprofloxacin is a BDDCS class 4 drug that has low solubility and permeability. Uptake and efflux transporters have significant effects on its pharmacokinetics (Benet et al. 2011). Ciprofloxacin has been prescribed for treatment of lower respiratory tract extracellular and intracellular bacterial infections (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2016). Previous studies have shown that the presence of active transporters in the lung epithelium causes low permeability of the drug from systemic blood circulation to lung tissue (Ong et al. 2013). As a result, intrapulmonary administration of ciprofloxacin could increase its concentration in lung tissue and prevent systemic side effects (Chono et al. 2007).