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Algae
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Helena M. Amaro, I. Sousa Pinto, A. Catarina Guedes
In vitro studies have stated that Ulva rigida and Chondrus crispus extracts and β-glucans increased respiratory burst and immune system stimulation in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) phagocytes, through rapid release of ROS and signaling proteins (Dalmo and Seijelid, 1995; Castro et al., 2004). Also, in addition to immune competency, a correlation has been reported concerning phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of seaweeds (Devi et al., 2011), owing to ROS scavenging activity or lipid peroxidation inhibition (Heo et al., 2005). Similarly, in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coicoides), feeding of sodium alginate from Macrocystis pyritera and carrageenan from C. crispus presented an increase in: respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phagocytic activities when exposed to Vibrio alginolyticus (Cheng et al., 2007). In Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) it was observed that administration of seaweeds extracts from Gracilaria folifera, Padina gymnospora and Sargassum cinereum may be effective as therapeutic and prophylactic treatments against Pseudomonas spp. infection (Thanigaivel et al., 2015a, 2015b).
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Polysaccharide-based gums obtained from marine sources are among the most commonly used thickening agents used in the cosmetic industry and can also be used as emollients. Algal cell walls contain many useful polysaccharides, including alginate and fucoidans from brown seaweed, and carrageenan and agar from red seaweed. Carrageenan usually comes from the Chondrus crispus (‘Irish moss’) species and Gigartina genus of red seaweed. There are three chemical forms of carrageenan: (1) the kappa type forms rigid gels, (2) the iota type forms soft gels and (3) the lambda type is a thickener that does not form gels. Carrageenan is composed of D-galactopyranose units, while agar is composed of both D-galactopyranose and L-galactopyranose. Alginates are the primary matrix polysaccharides of brown seaweed and are composed of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronoic acid linkages. Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are commercially available as extracts from several brown seaweed species, including Fucus vesiculosus and Undaria pinnatifida (Kim, 2012).
Therapeutic Uses of Phycocolloids
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Historically, Irish Moss or Carrageen (this is an unspecified mix of naturally co-occurring Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus} has a large number of medical applications, some of which date from the 1830s. Indeed, it is still used in Ireland to make traditional medicinal teas and cough medicines to combat colds, bronchitis, and chronic coughs. It is said to be particularly useful for dislodging mucus and has anti-viral properties. Carrageenans are also used as suspension agents and stabilizers in other drugs, lotions, and medicinal creams. Other medical applications are as an anti-coagulant in blood-products, and for the treatment of bowel problems such as diarrhea, constipation, and dysentery. They are also used to make internal poultices to control stomach ulcers (Morrissey et al. 2001, Kraan 2012, Pereira and Correia 2015).
Anti-biofilm effect of a butenolide/polymer coating and metatranscriptomic analyses
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Wei Ding, Chunfeng Ma, Weipeng Zhang, Hoyin Chiang, Chunkit Tam, Ying Xu, Guangzhao Zhang, Pei-Yuan Qian
Marine natural products provide a promising reservoir of useful compounds with many marine chemical molecules being reported as potential anti-biofilm agents (reviewed in Clare 1996; Fusetani 2004, 2011; Qian et al. 2009, 2015). For example, Salta et al. (2013) identified toluene from Chondrus crispus, which prevents biofilm formation by the species Cobetia marina and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. However, due to technical challenges, such as in situ control of the release rate of these compounds, few compounds have been developed into anti-biofilm agents in marine coatings. One promising solution to the release problem is to utilize polymers with a degradable backbone, which can generate a self-renewing surface in the marine environment and serve as the carrier of anti-biofilm compounds (Ma et al. 2013; Sisson et al. 2013; Babu et al. 2016).