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Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
The main ingredient of Carragelose is carrageenan. Carrageenan is an extract of the Rhodophyceae seaweeds. Carrageenan is a sulfated galactose polymer, which is composed of galactose and 3,6-ether galactose. The three principal copolymers are designated as Iota (ι), Kappa (κ), and Lamda (λ) based on the amount and location of the ester sulfate (S) and the presence of the 3,6-anhydro bridge (DA) in the 4-coupled residues. Among them, Carragelose (Iota carrageenan) has extensive inhibitory effect on respiratory virus in vitro, and its safety is also very good. The drug could inhibit the attachment and entry of virus into cells, reduce the replication of virus, and then reduce the symptoms caused by virus (Eccles et al., 2010; Genicot et al., 2014). At present, carragelose can be used as an over-the-counter drug in the European Union and parts of Asia and Australia.
Therapeutic Potential of Marine Foods: A Review
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Zohaib Hassan, Muhammad Kamran Khan, Farhan Saeed, Sadia Hassan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Further research studies are needed along with clinical trials. These findings show that carrageenan is an efficient substitute as novel therapeutic ingredient against HPV and it can easily be added in food in the form of additives. Similarly, carrageenan also contains numerous advantages against various other types of antiviral compounds, such as reduced production cost, a wide range of antiviral activities, less cytotoxic, safe to use, widely acceptable, and novel mode of action. Yet extensive research work along with clinical trials is required for its validation.
Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Erica L. Moran, Earl R. Bogoch
Carrageenan is a sulfated mucopolysaccharide which is extracted from seaweeds, the marine algae Chondrus spp. and Gigartina spp. commonly referred to as Irish moss, or carrageen moss. Multiple spellings of the word Carrageenan appear in the literature. Carrageenan is obtained and used commercially as a thickener and stabilizer in many types of foodstuffs. Carrageenan is a member of the “gel-forming polysaccharides” because κ carrageenan gels upon exposure to potassium ion. Carrageenan has a primary structure of an alternating copolymer comprised of alternating units of sulfated D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-D-galactose. The secondary and tertiary structure which accompany this chemical makeup may afford some resistance to digestion by lysosomal enzymes. The potency of carrageenan as an irritant in either acute or chronic inflammatory reactions or in its effect as an anticoagulant is dependent upon both the molecular weight of the carrageenan, and also upon its characteristic fraction, either λ or κ, with the former fraction being more potent.42
Development of phospholipon®90H complex nanocarrier with enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory potential of genistein
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Vaishnavi S. Shete, Darshan R. Telange, Nilesh M. Mahajan, Anil M. Pethe, Debarshi K. Mahapatra
Carrageenan is an inflammatory inducer. It produced inflammation via vasodilation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF – α) liberation. The comparative in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of diclofenac at a dose of (∼10 mg/kg) and GPLC formulations at a dose level of ∼(5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) in carrageenan-induced albino rat model are discussed below. The carrageenan (group I animals) at a dose of (∼10 mg/kg) enhanced the paw volume and continued to increase up to 5 h. Compared to this, the diclofenac (group II animals) at a dose of (∼10 mg/kg) inhibited a significant amount of paw edema around ∼37.32, 46.08, 51.15, 56.59, and 67.10 for a period of 1 to 5 h, respectively. The GPLC formulations at a dose of (∼20 mg/kg) more significantly inhibited the paw edema around ∼41.58, 45.70, 52.93, 57.60 and 73.65 for a period of 1 to 5 h, respectively, compared to the same formulation at a dose level of (∼5 mg/kg, group III animals) and dose level of (∼10 mg/kg, group IV animals). Findings indicate that complex at higher doses remarkably inhibited paw edema and could be attributed to enhanced solubility, dissolution, permeation, diffusion, and complex bioavailability.
Sun-Dried and Air-Dried Kappaphycus alvarezii Attenuates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis in Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Qing Zhang, Ruzhen Yang, Phaik Eem Lim, Yaoxian Chin, Sainan Zhou, Yuan Gao, Qingjuan Tang
Seaweed has a long history as a whole food in China, Japan, and South Korea. They are the natural sources of new kinds of drugs and functional molecules. Seaweed has also been concerned in many fields such as medicine, food, nutrition, and health care. Thus, functional foods such as seaweeds could serve as potential therapeutic options for chemotherapy-induced IM. Among them, Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) is an important economic red alga, known as “sea-bird nest.” It has many marine natural active ingredients and contains significant amounts of phytochemicals, many of which were discovered to have excellent anti-oxidation, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and promoting human intestinal health potential (21–23). However, the potential protective effect of KA on chemotherapy-induced IM has not been reported. Members of the research team found that carrageenan from KA had anti-obesity potential, and carrageenan intake did not cause colitis (24). There are studies showing that carrageenan from KA can be used as a functional food to prevent colon carcinogenesis (25). Several studies on dietary carrageenan have found no significant effects on gastrointestinal inflammation (24, 26). It must be highlighted that carrageenan is thoroughly reviewed and regarded as safe by major international agencies such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Joint FAO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) despite some researchers linking it to gastrointestinal inflammation (27–29).
Improved anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin by designing self-emulsifying drug delivery system
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Muhammad Hanif, Nabeela Ameer, Muhammad Khalid Mahmood, Ahmed Shehzad, Muhammad Azeem, Hafsa Latif Rana, Muhammad Usman
Inflammation is a response of living tissues toward injury. Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were broken down and induce the redistribution of lymphocytes causing rapid and transient decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts. Carrageenan induced inflammation is a useful model for the estimation of anti-inflammatory effect. The development of edema after injection of carrageenan solution (1%) in rat paw is due to the release of histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin like substances. The results indicated that the Cur-SEDDS (10 mg/kg) showed significant reduction (p< .05) in the edema of rat paw in group II compared with the reference standard diclofenac sodium (Figure 6). This significant anti-inflammatory effect may be due to the inhibition of any inflammatory mediators by the steroids [19]. Statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA indicated significant results throughout the studies because p values were less than .05 as shown in Tables 1 and 2.