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Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Chlorothalonil is a halogenated benzonitrile fungicide with low oral and dermal toxicity (LD50 = 5–10 g/kg), though it is a potent eye irritant. Chlorothalonil is not mutagenic in vitro and in vivo; however, tumors in the forestomach and the kidney have been found in chronic toxicity studies in rodents (114). Such tumors are believed to be due to regenerative hyperplasia, and it is assumed that a threshold can be established for carcinogenicity (114).
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The patterns over time for the wild animals and the humans are distinctly different. It is believed that the explanation for the high levels of defects in the early years in the wild animals, as contrasted with the humans, are due to exposure to other pesticides besides glyphosate. Between 1997 and 2006, the use of chlorothalonil and other fungicides on potato crops for blight steadily decreased in states directly upwind of our wildlife study area. There was a corresponding observable decrease in the birth defects in mammals and birds in Western Montana. When the more severe birth defects that cause mortality went down, more wild young began to survive, especially those of wild ruminant species in serious decline. By spring of 2006, the facial malformations on grazing animals had decreased to approximately half the 2001 prevalence, and the populations of white-tailed deer and other wild ungulates were steadily going up from 2002 through 2006. However, the wild ungulate populations declined sharply in subsequent years, closely corresponding with the increase in the use of glyphosate after 2006 (Figures 7.23 through 7.30).
Agricultural Chemicals
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Vincent Cunanan, Christopher J. Dannaker, Howard I. Maibach
Chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisothalonitrile), a fungicide, is one of few pesticides documented to cause contact urticaria and anaphylactoid symptoms.[10,11] Dannaker and Maibach reported an affected nursery worker who experienced facial erythema with edema, accompanied by nasal congestion and chest tightness. Testing with 0.01% chlorothalonil on intact skin resulted in an anaphylactoid reaction within minutes.
Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Samantha Eslava Martins, Gilberto Fillmann, Adam Lillicrap, Kevin V. Thomas
Chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and thiram are mainly used as fungicides in antifouling coatings. Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum fungicide used for over 30 years in agriculture, but its use in antifouling paints increased after the TBT ban. Chlorothalonil acts through the inhibition of glycolysis or depleting glutathione (Caux et al. 1996), causing effects in animals and plants (WFD 2012). The presence of multiple reactive electrophilic centres makes chlorothalonil extremely toxic to aquatic organisms (Castro et al. 2011) (Table S2). Dichlofluanid is a potent inhibitor of fungal spore germination (PPDB 2007–2017) (Table S2). However, its toxicity might be caused by its degradation products, since dichlofluanid rapidly undergoes hydrolysis in water (Hamwijk et al. 2005), even when incorporated in paint particles (Thomas et al. 2003). Thiram is a dithiocarbamate fungicide designed to inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth (PPDB 2007–2017). Thiram is a multi-site inhibitor and can affect a wide range of organisms (KEMI 2015) (Table S2).
Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of threoninamide carbamate derivatives via pharmacophore model
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Xiu-Jiang Du, Xing-Jie Peng, Rui-Qi Zhao, Wei-Guang Zhao, Wei-Li Dong, Xing-Hai Liu
On the basis of the preliminary fungicidal activity results, compound I-10, I-18, I-21, I-23, I-33and Chlorothalonil were selected for further EC50 bioassays (> 90% inhibitory) and the results are shown in Table 4. From Table 4, compounds I-21 and I-33 exhibited good activity against P. piricola, which is better than that of control Chlorothalonil. For the S. sclerotiorum, only compound I-10 displayed good activity, which is better than that of control Chlorothalonil. Among them, when the R1 is MeO or p-Pgoxy, R3 is Me, they exhibited best fungicidal activity for the three fungi respectively, such as compounds I-33 and I-10.