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Upper Airway Obstruction and Tracheostomy
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Administer high-flow oxygen via a face mask with a reservoir bag and use of humidification if practically possible. Heliox (80% helium:20% oxygen) results in less turbulent flow and allows the patient to experience reduced resistance during breathing. Steroids reduce mucosal oedema. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given in any case where acute infection is suspected. Adrenaline nebulisers also can help to reduce airway oedema.
Healthy People / Immuno-enhancement
Published in Jonathan Anomaly, Creating Future People, 2020
But apart from resistance, using broad spectrum antibiotics that have the power to kill many different species of bacteria can kill beneficial bacteria, and can create the conditions for opportunistic pathogens to proliferate. For example, Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a bacterium that hides out in our gut but which often multiplies in patients who have had prolonged doses of antibiotics. C. diff can produce life-threatening inflammation of the colon, and is often very difficult to get rid of (the cure, like the cause, is antibiotics). Thus, attempts to extirpate all bacteria in order to cure a specific infection can backfire. In some cases, it can produce a worse outcome than not using antibiotics at all.
Corneal Ulcers and Contact Lens Keratitis
Published in Amy-lee Shirodkar, Gwyn Samuel Williams, Bushra Thajudeen, Practical Emergency Ophthalmology Handbook, 2019
Fungal keratitis: For filamentous fungi, natamycin is effective while yeasts like candida respond better to amphotericin and azoles including itraconazole or voriconazole. Because most antifungals are only fungistatic, treatment should be continued for at least 12 weeks. A broad-spectrum antibiotic should also be considered to address or prevent bacterial co-infection. Systemic antifungals may be considered if there is severe infection with threatened perforation, endophthalmitis, or the patient is immunocompromised.
Repair of the superior sagittal sinus following penetrating intracranial injury caused by nail gun accident: case report and technical note
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Eric S. Nussbaum, Patrick Graupman, Puja D. Patel
The literature describes various surgical approaches used to repair damaged venous sinuses in response to penetrating foreign objects. For a case involving a tile fragment penetrating the SSS, the foreign body removal caused bleeding from the sinus, which was controlled with Gelfoam, Surgicel, and pressure.15 In the case of a knife blade penetrating the cranial bone and touching the SSS, surgical removal of the blade from the bone risked reinjuring the SSS. Therefore, a craniotomy was performed instead that extended beyond the SSS while the blade remained in situ, and parts of the bone were removed in order to remove the blade from the bone. The remaining bone fragment was replaced, and the sinus leakage was covered with autologous material.16 In several cases, bleeding and leakage after removal of the foreign body from the sinuses were successfully controlled with Gelfoam, Surgicel, pressure, autologous material, and bipolar coagulation.15–17 The use of broad spectrum antibiotics is recommended to prevent infectious complications.10
Systematic review on activity of liposomal encapsulated antioxidant, antibiotics, and antiviral agents
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Reshna K. R, Preetha Balakrishnan, Sreerag Gopi
Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents which are powerful weapon against bacterial diseases. The synthetic antimicrobial and biological products of non-microbial origin having antagonistic effects on bacteria. Some antibiotics are able to completely kill other bacteria, they are called bactericidal. While others inhibiting bacterial growth are termed as bacteriostatic. There are several ways of classification of antibiotics, based on their mode of action and spectrum of activity. Broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics are two classifications according to their spectrum activity. In broad spectrum antibiotics, it will kill or inhibit a broad group of bacteria. For example, antibiotics targeting Gram-negative bacteria. In narrow spectrum antibiotics, it will kill or inhibit the limited species of bacteria (Salem et al.2005).
Antibiotic consumption among hospitalized neonates and children in Punjab province, Pakistan
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Zia Ul Mustafa, Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Yasir, Brian Godman, Hafiz Abdul Majeed, Mahpara Kanwal, Maryam Iqbal, Muhammad Bilal Riaz, Khezar Hayat, Syed Shahzad Hasan
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children [1]. Globally, more than five million children die every year principally from preventable causes, including diarrhea, malaria, and pneumonia, with South Asia and Sub-Saharan African countries contributing more than 80% of this burden [2]. Pakistan is ranked third in countries with the highest child mortality rate, followed by Nigeria and India [1]. Naz and colleagues reported that 20–30% of child deaths in Pakistan are related to respiratory tract infections [3]. We are aware that hospitalized children are usually given multiple antibiotics to treat their illnesses in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [4–8]. Moreover, they are frequently prescribed with broad-spectrum antibiotics in conditions where narrow-spectrum antibiotics can provide beneficial effects. This increases the risk of multidrug-resistance (MDR) and extensively drug-resistance (XDR) bacterial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella typhi, Carbapenems-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitals [9–11].