China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Expectorants during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Cetirizine is a selective peripheral H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine that acts by blocking histamine action. It is used to treat itching and redness symptoms caused by hives; however, it does not prevent hives or other allergic skin reactions.
Biting insect and tick allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Donald R. Hoffman, Jennifer E. Fergeson
Most cases of severe allergy to mosquito bites are best managed by prophylactic use of the antihistamines. In controlled trials, cetirizine reduced pruritus, significantly decreased large local reactions, and probably reduced the incidence of systemic allergic reactions. Loratadine used prophylactically in children reduced immediate whealing and pruritus from mosquito bites; and it also reduced the size of bite lesions at 24 hours [69–70,72].
Eosinophils and New Antihistamines
Published in Gerald J. Gleich, A. Barry Kay, Eosinophils in Allergy and Inflammation, 2019
The chemotactic response of human isolated eosinophils can be induced using different chemotactic mediators. The pharmacological modulation of this response was assessed using this model. Four H1 antagonists were studied with a model of PAF- and FMLP-induced chemotaxis of eosinophils (Table 3). Dexchlorpheniramine (0.01–1 µg/ml) demonstrated a poor inhibition (less than 30% inhibition) on both responses. Cetirizine significantly inhibited both responses (IC50 ≃0.01 µg/ml = 0.02 μmol/L) (25,26).
Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for pediatric allergic rhinitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Peter Valentin Tomazic, Doris Lang-Loidolt
Four types of histamine receptors have been identified. H1 and H2 receptors are present on a wide range of cells, stimulate both the early and late phase of an allergic response Second/third generation non-sedating H1 receptor antagonists are the antihistamines of choice to treat AR [43]. Cetirizine has been proven effective in numerous studies, being superior in effect of symptom reduction to loratadine compared to placebo given an excellent safety profile [44,45]. The anti-inflammatory effect of antihistamines was shown to be mediated via the NFkappa-ß pathway; however, the clinical relevance of this potential has not been studied [46]. Apart from its effect on the H1 receptor it also reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-4 and IL-8). Cetirizine is used as of 6 months of age and 2 years of age in the US and Europe, respectively. It is effective given 10 mg daily in two doses for rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms (age 6–12 years) and 5 mg daily against sneezing [45].
The clinical evidence of second-generation H1-antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria in children over 2 years with a special focus on rupatadine
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Antonio Nieto, María Nieto, Ángel Mazón
Regarding the efficacy of antihistamines in the management of CSU in children there are also very limited data (Table 2) [34–50]. It is very noticeable that clinical efficacy studies have not been conducted with ebastine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, bilastine, or desloratadine in pediatric patients with CSU and only one single study assessed the use of cetirizine in children under the age of 6 [36]. In Italy, La Rosa et al. evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of cetirizine in comparison to a more commonly used antihistamine in pediatrics (oxatomide) in children with idiopathic chronic urticaria. This double-blind multicenter study recruited 62 children with ages ranging from 2 to 6 years (mean 3.85 years). The clinical study and the statistical evaluation were finally conducted on 57 children (28 on cetirizine and 29 on oxatomide). In general, the effectiveness of both drugs in the treatment of erythema, papules, edema, and itching demonstrated comparable therapeutic activity (P < 0.001). None of the medications was associated with significant adverse effects and there was no evidence of changes in hematochemical and urinary values [36].
Second-generation antihistamines: a study of poisoning in children
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Eva Verdu, Ingrid Blanc-Brisset, Géraldine Meyer, Gaël Le Roux, Chloé Bruneau, Marie Deguigne
In this study, the primary symptoms observed in overdoses were drowsiness and anticholinergic symptoms. These effects, largely described with first-generation antihistamines at therapeutic doses, were observed here, but to a lesser degree and in cases of overdose. In the literature, some rare and isolated cases of overdoses have been described. In an infant of 18 months, 180 mg of cetirizine or 13.8 mg/kg, led to agitation, irritability and then drowsiness [20]. Another infant of 18 months also ingested 180 mg of cetirizine and presented with signs of agitation for 12 h. The child’s ECG was normal in the 15th hour [21]. A child of four years old ingested 60 mg of cetirizine or 3.17 mg/kg and showed signs of drowsiness for six hours. The child’s ECG remained normal [22]. An overdose of 300 mg of loratadine for a child of six years old caused tachycardia of 150/min. No lengthening of the QT interval was observed [23]. No case of overdose in children was described for the other substances.