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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Here are some examples of the antimicrobial activity of some cephalosporins. Cefadroxil, cephradine, cefaclor, and cephalexin are used orally for the therapy of both acute and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections associated with Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and S. aureus (144). Cefoxitin is more potent against the Bacteroides fragilis species and many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Cefoxitin is also used in the treatment of pelvic and intraabdominal infections and is frequently employed as a preventive agent in patients subjected to pelvic or colorectal surgery (144).
Information on level of drugs into breastmilk
Published in Wendy Jones, Breastfeeding and Medication, 2018
Although higher concentrations of cefadroxil were reported in breastmilk compared with cefalexin, no adverse events have been reported as the dose received by the baby is still considerably smaller than the level licenced to be given directly (25 mg per kilogramme per day) (Kafetzis et al. 1981). Relative infant dose is quoted as 0.8–1.3% (Hale 2017 online access). The BNF states that it is present in breastmilk in low concentrations but that it is appropriate to use in breastfeeding mothers.
Cefadroxil, Cephaloridine, Cephacetrile, Cephapirin, Cephradine, and Other Rarely Used First-Generation Cephalosporins
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Cefadroxil is an orally administered antibiotic that is very similar to cephalexin. After oral administration, its peak serum level is slightly lower than that of cephalexin, but it is excreted more slowly. Therefore, it can be used for oral administration at 8-or 12-hour intervals (Buck and Price, 1977; Pfeffer et al., 1977). Cefadroxil is still available in a number of European countries. The chemical structure of cefadroxil is shown in Figure 20.1.
Oral step-down therapy in patients with uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus primary bacteremia and catheter-related bloodstream infections
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Seok Jun Mun, Si-Ho Kim, Kyungmin Huh, Sun Young Cho, Cheol-In Kang, Doo Ryeon Chung, Kyong Ran Peck
Thirty-four of 103 isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and MRSA bacteremia was more common in the IAT group than in the OAT group. Furthermore, the IAT group showed a higher tendency in the proportion of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or mental change. The total duration of antibiotic therapy was similar between groups (median 15 days in OAT and 14 days in IAT). The median duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment was significantly shorter in the OAT group (median seven and 14 days, P < 0.001). Vancomycin (94%) and nafcillin (39.1%) were the most common intravenous antibiotics used as definite therapy in patients with MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively. Among 32 patients in the OAT group, 27 patients had MSSA bacteremia. Cefadroxil was most commonly used as OAT (Table 2). Five patients with MRSA bacteremia were switched to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) (two patients), levofloxacin + rifampin (two patients), and clindamycin (one patient).
The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Lucrezia Bottalico, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Maria Assunta Potenza, Monica Montagnani, Luigi Santacroce
Bacterial sensitivity and representative drugs – Based on their resistance to the β-lactamases (in this case termed cephalosporinases) and their effectiveness to treat infections by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, they are divided into five groups or generations: (a) first generation includes cephalosporins such cephalexin, cefadroxil, all sensitive to cephalosporinases, and mostly effective against Gram-positive bacteria; (b) second-generation cephalosporins, such as cefuroxime, which are more resistant to cephalosporinases, may be effective toward Gram-negative bacteria but less active in Gram-positive-dependent infections; (c) third-generation cephalosporins, also resistant to β-lactamases, such as ceftiofur, cefquinom, and cefoperazone, are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to both the first and second generations (d) fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime and cefpirome, resistant to β-lactamases and used for more severe bacterial infections; (e) ceftaroline is one fifth-generation cephalosporin used to treat infections, including MRSA infections, that are resistant to other antibiotics [91,98].
Application of Exposure Plus Response Prevention for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Related to Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Cynthia E. Brown, Kristin M. Hawley
At the beginning of treatment, Jessica was finishing a course of plasmapheresis, a procedure which involves the removal, treatment, and return of plasma into the body. In addition, Jessica received three rounds of inpatient (IVIG) early in treatment. IVIG involves the delivery of immunoglobulin to patients who have immunodeficiencies and suppresses idiotypic antibodies. Another immunosuppressant, mycophenolic acid (500–1000 mg, twice daily) was introduced during the 14th week of treatment and later discontinued. Jessica also received monoclonal antibodies (rituximab) in regular intervals throughout treatment. As a prophylactic against a GAS infection, Jessica received cefadroxil over the course of treatment. Lastly, Jessica took naproxen and an omega-3 supplement daily for anti-inflammatory effects.