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Pathological Processes of the Eye Related to Chemical Exposure
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
A third group of chemicals that are immediately irritating are surfactants and detergents. These substances may be either cationic, anionic, or nonionic. The type and severity of surfactant-produced lesions vary according to the chemical characteristics of each surfactant. In general, cationic surfactants are most damaging, anionic are less damaging, and nonionic are the least damaging. Damage caused by these chemicals ranges from evidence of slight discomfort (e.g., stinging) with little or no injury, to corneal edema and loss of corneal epithelium with conjunctival swelling, petechiation, and discharge. Examples of surfactant chemicals are cationic surfactants — benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, and decyltrimethylammonium bromide; anionic surfactants — sodium lauryl sulfate, Ivory® soap, Duponol, Entsufon sodium, and Triton® W 30; nonionic surfactants — Tween, laurithyl, Triton® X 155, Span, Renex, and tridecylhexaethoxylate.4
Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Early hair preparations contained shellac fixatives. The disadvantage, primarily sticky, hard-feeling hair, provoked formulation of shampoos with softer feels (conditioning) containing cationic surface-active agents. These surfactants are classified according to the charge on the hydrophobic (water-repei lant) portion. Anionic surfactants possess a negative charge; RCOO- (R is usually a fatty acid from carbons 12-18). Cationic surfactants bear a positive charge. They are principally quaternary ammonium compounds, R4N+X(monomeric) or (R4N+)„X- (polymeric). By virtue of their positive surface charge, they have a great affinity to negatively charged keratin in hair and skin, the basis of their conditioning and substantive properties. Most cationic polymers do not build up on the hair and are not as irritating. They do not interfere with foaming or cleaning as do fatty chain cationics (2). Cationic polymers are soluble in water with varying degrees of substantivity and are compatible with anionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants and electrolytes (see Section III).
Surfactants in Cosmetic Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Ricardo Pedro, Kenneth A. Walters
Cationic surfactants or cationics are characterized by having a positively charged hydrophilic group on a nitrogen atom attached to the hydrophobic fatty chain, usually known as the quaternary group (or simply quat) (Surfactant Science Series, 1990). They are often used for their substantivity (adsorption on substrates, for instance, hair and skin). Some important properties of these surfactants make them useful as bactericides in liquid soaps and mouthwashes, and antistatic agents in hair products. Conditioners are products used after hair washing, therefore their formulations do not need to contain anionic surfactants, since most of which are incompatible. This makes it possible to use cationic surfactants as antistatic and conditioning agents for hair fibres in formulations of conditioners, masks and combing creams.
Sodium N-lauryl amino acids derived from silk protein can form catanionic aggregates with cytarabine as novel anti-tumor drug delivery systems
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Meng Zhang, Shu-Xiang Zhao, Biao Ding, Yu-Qing Zhang
Surfactants have been widely studied due to their excellent properties (Shiojiri et al., 1996; Shiloach & Blankschtein, 1998; Mehling et al., 2007; Ampatzidis et al., 2014). Many types of surfactants can be divided into anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, etc. The application of anionic surfactants in biochemistry and drug release has attracted attention because of the lower toxicity compared with other types of surfactants (Murguia et al., 2008; Chaudhari & Dugar, 2017). An N-lauryl amino acid surfactant is a typical anionic surfactant. It not only has the characteristics of low cytotoxicity of traditional surfactants but also has the advantages of easy availability from raw materials and easy degradation (Sanchez et al., 2007; Faustino et al., 2011; Tripathy et al., 2018). The role of amino acid surfactants in antibacterial and solubilization applications has been reported (Coronel-Leon et al., 2017; Hong et al., 2018).
Liquid laundry detergent capsules (PODS): a review of their composition and mechanisms of toxicity, and of the circumstances, routes, features, and management of exposure
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Rachael Day, Sally M. Bradberry, Simon H. L. Thomas, J. Allister Vale
Ophthalmic damage is due primarily to the concentration of surfactants in the capsule not the pH of the ingredients, which usually have a neutral pH. Less commonly, where the pH of the contents is as high as 9, alkalinity may be an additional factor in producing damage. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells were exposed in vitro to sodium dodecyl sulfate, an anionic surfactant, which resulted in elevation of intracellular calcium and intracellular acidification, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, a decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio and cell injury [16]. Other similar in vitro studies using rabbit corneal epithelial cells have shown that cytotoxicity increases the higher the surfactant concentration [17]. In vivo tests have demonstrated that the application of surfactants (which included 3 anionic and 1 cationic surfactant) caused cell death [18,19].
Design of novel proliposome formulation for antioxidant peptide, glutathione with enhanced oral bioavailability and stability
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Jong Chan Byeon, Sang-Eun Lee, Tae-Hyeon Kim, Jung Bin Ahn, Dong-Hyun Kim, Jin-Seok Choi, Jeong-Sook Park
To increase the efficiency of proliposomes, we attempted to positively charge the particles while maintaining the composition ratio of the F1 formulation. Cationic surfactants can increase the permeation of nanoparticles, but it can cause toxicity and interfere with circulation in the body (Pillai et al., 2015; Salatin et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2018). Therefore, DC-Chol and CS were selected to positively charge the proliposomes. Moreover, CS has been reported to be mucoadhesive and can increase intestinal absorption rate (Zhang et al., 2015b; Kang et al., 2017). As the ratio of DC-Chol increased, zeta potential increased (Table S2). When CS was added to the F1 formulation, the zeta potential of proliposomes positively increased from −8.1 mV (F1) to 23.0 mV (F7), 26.5 mV (F8), and 29.4 mV (F9) according to the amount of CS (Table S2).