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Surfactants in Cosmetic Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Ricardo Pedro, Kenneth A. Walters
Surfactants can be classified according to their use, their chemical structure or based on their physical properties. As mentioned before, surfactants can be grouped according to their functions, and, in cosmetics, they are used as solubilizers, emulsifiers, dispersants, detergents, foaming or antifoaming agents, conditioners and so forth. Although, the surfactant is a multifunctional molecule, which means it can exhibit more than one of the mentioned functions, there is always a prominent property which dictates its applications. Another very common classification of surfactants is based on the ionic character of its polar portion, its hydrophilic portion, allowing classification into anionic, cationic, amphoteric and non-ionic surfactants.
Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Dispersants are called dispersants because that is what they do. They disperse oil; they do not destroy it. Dispersants sink the oil below the surface, making it harder to see. On August 20, scientists produced new evidence of vast undersea plumes of oil driving for miles. Another team confirmed the discovery of a massive 22 mile subsea oil plume the size of Manhattan and, most dismayingly, very little evidence that the oil was being broken down by microbes.475
Development of canagliflozin nanocrystals sublingual tablets in the presence of sodium caprate permeability enhancer: formulation optimization, characterization, in-vitro, in silico, and in-vivo study
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sammar Fathy Elhabal, Mohamed A El-Nabarawi, Nashwa Abdelaal, Mohamed Fathi Mohamed Elrefai, Shrouk A. Ghaffar, Mohamed Mansour Khalifa, Passant M. Mohie, Dania S. Waggas, Ahmed Mohsen Elsaid Hamdan, Samar Zuhair Alshawwa, Essa M. Saied, Nahla A. Elzohairy, Tayseer Elnawawy, Rania A. Gad, Nehal Elfar, Hanaa Mohammed, Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh
Poloxamers (e.g. P188, P237, P338, P407), known as Pluronic, are nonionic surfactants used for drug delivery as formulation excipients. They are used as surfactants, emulsifiers, solubilizers, dispersants, and in vivo absorbance enhancers in pharmaceutical formulations (Abdeltawab et al., 2020). PVP, commonly known as Povidone, is a benign, nonionic surfactant with a complicated affinity for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines. PVP is a water-soluble polymer that possesses a variety of grades with variable molecular weights and viscosities. PVP is a poorly soluble drug binder, emulsion stabilizer, suspending agent, and solubility booster (Li et al., 2018; Jin et al., 2020). The necessary viscosity of the liquid dosage form can be obtained with medium and high molecular weight PVP (serving as a thickening agent), which aids in a steady drip rate, better appearance, dispersion, and physical stability (Józó et al., 2021). Sublingual tablet delivery systems and nanocrystals offer various benefits, such as improving solubility and permeability, preventing enzymatic drug-food and drug-food interactions that affect drug gastrointestinal absorption and pass the first-pass effect, and providing continuous-release delivery for many days (Naguib & Makhlouf, 2021).
Thermo-sensitive self-assembly of poly(ethylene imine)/(phenylthio) acetic acid ion pair in surfactant solutions
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
In this study, the effect of surfactants on temperature-dependent assembling property of PEI/PTA ion pair were investigated using Brij S100 (BS100), cetylpridinium chloride (CPC), and N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (SLS) as a nonionic, a cationic, and an anionic surfactant, respectively. Surfactants are included in pharmaceutical preparations as an absorption enhancer, a dispersant, a solubilizer, etc. If PEI/PTA IPSAM is used as a drug carrier, the ion pair, the building block of the IPSAM, comes into contact with surfactants thus it may change its temperature–dependent assembling property in the pharmaceutical preparations. Thus it is worthwhile to examine the effect of the surfactants on the UCST behavior (i.e. the temperature-dependent assembling property) of the ion pair and the temperature–responsive release property of IPSAM. In addition, since PTA can be readily oxidized to the sulfoxide and the sulfone, the ion pair is susceptible to oxidation thus its assembly (IPSAM) may change its release property under an oxidizing condition, which can be given during the storage period of pharmaceutical preparations and in biological systems where IPSAM is administered into (Scheme 1).
Progress in the development of stabilization strategies for nanocrystal preparations
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Jingru Li, Zengming Wang, Hui Zhang, Jing Gao, Aiping Zheng
Regardless of the solidification method, it is important to preserve the properties of the nanocrystal particles after the removal of water from the nanocrystal suspension. The influence of the redispersibility of nanocrystals after curing is a major concern. Dispersants (protectants) are typically added to nanosuspensions to maintain the redispersibility of the nanocrystals in water after solidification (Van Eerdenbrugh et al., 2008). Most protectants are water-soluble, such as mannitol, sucrose, lactose, and water-soluble polymers such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (Dan et al., 2016; Parmentier et al., 2017). When the dry powder comes into contact with the water medium, the protective agent around the nanoparticles dissolves rapidly, thereby releasing the nanocrystals and maintaining them in their original dispersed state.