China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Various colourants used in the cosmetic industry can be derived from plant sources. Henna has been used since ancient times and is the most commonly used hair colourant in the Middle East. Henna is also used in many countries, including India, for creating decorative patterns on the skin. Henna comes from the Lawsonia alba bush of North Africa and India, and provides an orange colour. Henna contains lawsone, which is a chemical compound that provides protection from the sun. It is important to note that henna’s colouring effects usually require acidic conditions. Boiled chamomile flowers can also be used as hair dyes by providing a yellow colour. Chlorophyll is a green photosynthetic pigment that commercially can be extracted from nettle and spinach. It can also have deodorizing properties and is thus used in some deodorants and toothpastes. Xanthophyll is a yellow photosynthetic pigment that may also be used in the industry. Indigo is a blue pigment that comes from the Indigofera genus of flowers and is the oldest pigment known. Indigo is now often derived from synthetic processes. Saffron is a dark orange pigment from the Crocus sativus flower that has a strong tinting power due to the presence of carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. The dye is difficult to extract, and as a result is expensive. Saffron can also be used as an essential oil. Several sources of red pigment exist that include madder that has been used since ancient times and is from the Rubia tinctorium root; carthamin derived from the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) bush; annatto, also known as bixin, from the seeds of the Bixa orellana plant; and alkanet reddish-brown pigment from the Alkanna tinctoria husk (Corbeil et al., 2000).
Deep eutectic solvents for pharmaceutical formulation and drug delivery applications
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
The long term stability of APIs in the forms of API-DESs or as dissolved in DESs is another inherent concern. Until now, there are very limited studies that evaluate physicochemical stability of APIs in DESs under stressed storage conditions of elevated temperature and/or high humidity. Generally speaking, APIs in solid state are more physicochemical stable than liquid state and transforming solid APIs to liquid forms can increase the risk of instabilities (Balk et al. 2015). In the case of APIs dissolved in DESs, enhanced chemical stability has been reported for some hydrolysis-sensitive APIs such as aspirin (Lu et al. 2016), imipenem and clavulanic acid (Olivares et al. 2018), salvialonic acid B (Chen et al. 2016), and carthamin (Dai et al. 2014) in short-term storage times in comparison to their water stability. As an example, in a time period of seven days, the stability of imipenem and clavulanic acid in trimethyl glycine–urea (1:1.5) DES, was 7 and 2.5 times higher, respectively, compared to water (Olivares et al. 2018). In another study it was reported that photostability of curcumin dissolved in chloride–glycerol (1:1) was significantly higher than curcumin dissolved in methanol and curcumin powder (Jeliński et al. 2019). However, these improved stabilities cannot be extrapolated to other APIs and in each case comprehensive long-term stability data should be provided.