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Ethnopharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla
Daily consumption of papaya leaves is a common practice in tropical communities for preventing malaria caused by Plasmodium genus. In vitro antiplasmodial effect of the leaf extracts was reported to be due to carpaine, which is an alkaloid.42,94 Petroleum ether extract of the rind of papaya fruit also exhibits antimalarial activity.99
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Toxicity — Externally, the latex is irritant, dermatitogenic, and vescicant. Internally, it causes severe gastritis. Some people are allergic to the pollen, the fruit, arid the latex. Papain can induce asthma and rhinitis. Carpaine can cause paralysis, numbing of the nerve centers, and cardiac depression16 (GRAS § 182.1585).29 Analysis of dried papaya leaves at the University of Florida showed only 0.5 to 0.6% tannin and no saponin.50 Fresh leaves contain the proteolytic enzyme papain which tenderizes meat (meat so tenderized is laxative). Fresh leaves contain 0.286% ascorbic acid, 0.036% vitamin E, and up to 0.4% the bitter glycoside carpaine (C28H50N2O4), a CNS-depressant and heart depressant.50 Supporting my not-too-exciting hypothesis that if one studies any plaijit species enough, he will find something to raise the blood pressure, something to lower if, etc., etc., is an item recounted by Perry.16 Acetone-dried powdered latex contains one factor which accelerates blood clotting, another which prevents it.16 Can the homeostatic human body selectively take the one it needs?
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents—In the early stages, the fruit of C. papaya gives a white, milky juice which contains an albuminoid, a digestive enzyme papain or papayotin. A milky juice comes from the rind, which becomes yellow or orange when ripe. Pulp of the fresh fruit contains a caoutchouc-like substance, a soft yellow resin, fat, albuminoids, sugar, pectin, citric, tartaric, and malic acid, and dextrin. Dried fruit contains a large amount of ash (8.4%) which contains soda, potash and phosphoric acid. Seeds contain an oil. Leaves contain an alkaloid called carpaine and a glucoside named carposide.
A Purported Detoxification Supplement Does Not Improve Body Composition, Waist Circumference, Blood Markers, or Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Healthy Adult Females
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Grant Tinsley, Stacie Urbina, Emily Santos, Katelyn Villa, Cliffa Foster, Colin Wilborn, Lem Taylor
Ingredients found in purported detoxification supplements include a variety of plant-based compounds that allegedly exert beneficial physiological effects. Examples of these compounds include papaya leaves, slippery elm bark, peppermint leaf, and ginger root, among others. Varying amounts of research are available describing the physiological effects of these ingredients. Some evidence indicates that papaya leaves maintain blood platelet count in rodent models and that this antithrombocytopenic activity is due to the alkaloid carpaine (Krishna, Paridhavi, & Patel, 2008; Zunjar, Dash, Jivrajani, Trivedi, & Nivsarkar, 2016). In addition, in vitro research has demonstrated that papaya extract may mediate beneficial immunomodulatory and anticancer effects (Nguyen, Shaw, Parat, & Hewavitharana, 2013; Otsuki et al., 2010). A combination of slippery elm bark, lactulose, oat bran, and licorice root has been reported to improve symptoms of constipation, a predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adult females (Hawrelak & Myers, 2010), and in vitro research has described potential antioxidant effects of supplementation with slippery elm (Langmead et al., 2002). Peppermint is also known to reduce IBS symptoms, perhaps due to antispasmodic actions on smooth muscle tissue (Ford et al., 2008; Shen & Nahas, 2009). One meta-analysis indicated that one to three months of peppermint oil usage improves IBS symptoms (Ford et al., 2008). Research in healthy adults indicates that ginger promotes antral contractions, thereby reducing antral area and accelerating gastric emptying (Wu et al., 2008). Furthermore, ginger root has been reported to increase fat oxidation 13.5% at two hours postingestion in healthy adults (Miyamoto et al., 2015). Preliminary evidence has also indicated that ginger may act as an antiemetic and anti-inflammatory agent (Palatty, Haniadka, Valder, Arora, & Baliga, 2013).
Effect of Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus amarus leaf extracts on selected biochemical indices in Drosophila melanogaster model of neurotoxicity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Bukola Christiana Adedayo, Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi, Stephanie Tolulope Akinniyi, Ganiyu Oboh
The medicinal importance of plants is inherent in their phytochemicals that produce distinct physiological actions in the human body. Some of the most relevant bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds (Manjula and Ammani 2012). The phytochemical evaluation of A. paniculata and P. amarus revealed that the plants are rich in alkaloid, tannins, glycosides, phenols and flavonoids (Malahubban et al.2013, Bajpai et al. 2014, Pius et al. 2015, Adedapo and Ofuegbe 2015); however, their alkaloids have been largely understudied. So many natural products especially plants extract, have been reported to be used in traditional medicine for neuroprotective, memory enhancing, and antiaging purposes (Kumar and Khanum 2012). The HPLC analysis of samples showed that carpaine and 6-Hydroxybuphanidrine were the most abundant alkaloids in P. amarus, while caffeine was predominant in A. paniculata. 6-Hydroxyorphenadrine, an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, have shown to be a source of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, anti-cancer compounds, antiviral compounds, and antibacterial compounds (He et al. 2015). Also, caffeine have been well reported for their neuroprotective properties especially as AChE inhibitor and antioxidant (Maia and De Mendonça 2002, Metro et al. 2017, Oboh et al. 2017). van Rijn et al. (2010) reported undulatine as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. On the other hand, ephedrine is said to be a proto-alkaloid and it acts as an antidepressant and also stimulates the central nervous system (Evans 2009); studies have also shown that it could serve as partial inhibition for monoamine oxidases (Rang et al.2001). Carpaine is believed to be excellent sources of antioxidant, with antibacterial, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effect (Tiwari et al. 2011); they also work in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and prevent the oxidation of cholesterol (Banala et al. 2015). Studies have shown that these alkaloids work as a neuroprotective agent (Long et al.2002). Put together, the presence of these alkaloids in the samples could be the bioactive phytochemicals responsible for their ameliorative effects on Al-induced toxicity as reported here. Nevertheless, further phytochemical fingerprinting of the samples is higly recommended.