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Nutritional and Dietary Supplementation during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Atropine is an anticholinergic that is utilized for a variety of indications, such as cardiac arrhythmias (especially bradycardia), Parkinsonism, asthma, biliary tract diseases, as an antidote for organophosphate insecticide poisoning, and as a preanesthetic agent. The frequency of congenital anomalies was not increased among 401 infants born to women who used atropine in early pregnancy (Heinonen et al., 1977). Only one birth defect occurred among 50–99 infants exposed to atropine during the first trimester, and this was not an increased frequency (1 percent to 2 percent) (Jick et al., 1981).
Cholinergic Antagonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Vishal S. Gulecha, Manoj S. Mahajan, Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Age is an important determinant in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atropine; therefore, both children and adults have sensitivity for atropine (Berg et al., 1959; Smith et al., 1990). IV atropine administration in patients with Down’s syndrome may induce abnormal cardioaccelerator response (Harris and Goodman, 1969). There is decreased susceptibility to actions of atropine seen with albinism patients (Prud’homme et al., 1999). The mechanisms for these differences are poorly understood.
Very few patients benefit from the drugs they take
Published in Peter C. Gøtzsche, Richard Smith, Drummond Rennie, Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime, 2019
Peter C. Gøtzsche, Richard Smith, Drummond Rennie
For many drugs, it’s relatively easy to overcome the fundamental problem with breaking of the blind through side effects by using so called ‘active placebos’. The term is somewhat misleading, as the idea is not that the placebo should contain a substance that is active against the disease, only a substance that gives a similar side effect as the active drug. For antidepressants, trials have been performed where the placebo contained atropine, which causes dryness in the mouth like the active drugs. As expected, such trials showed a considerably smaller difference between drug and placebo than trials that didn’t use an ‘active placebo’.14
Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Ines García Del Valle, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
Atropine is an alkaloid extracted from Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), and Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) plants that belong to the Solanaceae family. It is synthetized in the roots, with an alkaloid content that runs between 0.01% and 3% [2]. Atropine acts as a competitive, nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, affecting the central and peripheral nervous system by blocking receptors in exocrine glands, smooth and cardiac muscle, ganglia and intramural neurons [3]. According to different studies conducted on animals and humans, this alkaloid is widely distributed in tissues [4] and has a binding affinity constant in the range of 0.4–0.7 nM [5] for all five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 to M5) [6,7]. Therapeutically, atropine has a wide range of indications [2,3]. It is used as premedication for anesthesia and surgical procedures, as antisialagogue to inhibit salivation and excessive secretions, and as antivagal agent to prevent cholinergic effects during surgery [8]. Furthermore, this compound is able to reverse muscle relaxant effects [9].
Anesthesia management in patients with choanal atresia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Ömer Faruk Boran, Selman Sarıca
In our study, 3 of 14 patients had various congenital anomalies accompanying CA. One had aortic aneurysm, microcephaly, intrauterine corpus callosum agenesis, and membranous anal atresia; one had atrial and ventricular septal defects; and one had CHARGE syndrome. We used an inhalation agent as an induction agent in patients with cardiac anomalies. Atropine was given for premedication. We did not notice any problem during the induction of anesthesia. Yildirim et al found that bradycardia occurred after propofol induction, but it was controlled without complications after atropine injection.2 In our study, sevoflurane was used for induction in 6 patients with bilateral CA. No complication was seen in the induction period. Sevoflurane is one of the agents with mild effects on mucosal membranes and provides fast and smooth induction of anesthesia due to low blood gas solubility.
Stimulation of abdominal and upper thoracic muscles with surface electrodes for respiration and cough: Acute studies in adult canines
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2018
James S. Walter, Joseph Posluszny, Raymond Dieter, Robert S. Dieter, Scott Sayers, Kiratipath Iamsakul, Christine Staunton, Donald Thomas, Mark Rabbat, Sanjay Singh
Six adult male, mixed-breed canines at least eight months old and weighing 27.9 ± 0.7 Kg (mean ± SEM) were obtained from a commercial vendor (Oak Hill Genetics; Ewing, IL, USA).11,27 Anesthesia was initiated with intravenous catheter propofol (6 mg/kg) using a cephalic vein catheter. Sevoflurane (1.5–3%) was then delivered through an endotracheal tube connected to a ventilator (Drager Anesthesia Rebreathing Ventilator; Louisville, KY, USA). Anesthesia also included fentanyl citrate administered intravenously at the rate of five to ten micrograms per kilogram per hour. The amount of anesthetic was adjusted in each animal to maintain a deep level of surgical anesthesia. Atropine was used to reduce respiratory secretions during surgery as previously described.11