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Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Different foods have different kinds and relative amounts of carotenoids. Also, the carotenoid content can vary seasonally and during the ripening process. For example, peaches contain violaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, persicaxanthin, neoxanthin, and as many as 25 other carotenoids; apricots contain mostly α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene; and carrots contain about 50–55 parts per million of carotene in total, mostly α-carotene, β-carotene, and γ-carotene, as well as lycopene. Many vegetable oils also contain carotenoids, with palm oil containing the most. For example, crude palm oil contains up to 0.2% carotenoids. Meanwhile, there are a few synthetic carotenoids, including β-apo-8′-carotenal (apocarotenal), and canthaxanthin. Beta-Apo-8′-carotenal (apocarotenal) imparts a light reddish-orange color, and canthaxanthin imparts an orange-red to red color.
Microalgal Pigments as Natural Color
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
K. G. Sreekala, Malairaj Sathuvan, Javee Anand, Karuppan Ramamoorthy, Vengatesh Babu, S. Nagaraj
Canthaxanthin is used to treat some blood disorders. However, reports suggest that it is not safe to consume it in large doses daily for purposes like skin tanning, as it may cause blindness or aplastic anemia.17 Violaxan-thin and canthaxanthin are also xanthophylls. Canthaxanthin is approved as food additive E161g in USA, but not in New Zealand and Australia, and only to a limited extent in the EU. Typical areas of application are poultry feeding for coloration of egg yolk and skin, aquaculture of salmonids, and sausage coloration. In the cosmetic sector, canthaxanthin found application in tanning pills especially in Canada. Typical production strains of canthaxanthin are Euglenophyta species, for example, Nannochloropsis sp. like Nannochloropsis salina, Nannochloropsis oculata, or Nannochlo-ropsis gaditana.27
Cancer Chemoprevention by Retinoids and Carotenoids: Proposed Role of Gap Junctional Communication
Published in Maryce M. Jacobs, Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer, 2018
We have studied in detail two carotenoids; β-carotene, the carotenoid with highest pro-vitamin A potential, and canthaxanthin, a carotenoid without provitamin A activity in mammals.17 The structures of these and other carotenoids studied are shown in Figure 5.
Use of an immobilised thermostable α-CA (SspCA) for enhancing the metabolic efficiency of the freshwater green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Giovanna Salbitani, Sonia Del Prete, Francesco Bolinesi, Olga Mangoni, Viviana De Luca, Vincenzo Carginale, William A. Donald, Claudiu T. Supuran, Simona Carfagna, Clemente Capasso
Microalgae are considered to be one of the best commercial sources of natural carotenoids, such as β-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, etc. These molecules are produced in a variable amount depending on microalgal growth conditions69. Besides, carotenoids are of great interest to humans since they are used as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, antidiabetics, anti-obesities, antitumoral, and it has been reported that they possess a cardiovascular and neuronal protective role69. For this reason, we explored the carotenoids production by C. sorokiniana in the medium supplemented with bicarbonate and bicarbonate with M-SspCA. Figure 6 evidences the content of the total carotenoids in the Chlorella cells. The carotenoids content remained almost constant up to 24 h in the four conditions. At 48 h, the microalgal carotenoid production was slightly enhanced by the presence of bicarbonate or bicarbonate with M-SspCA, however, at 72 h, its amount in M-SspCA-2 became three times higher (4.8 mg L−1 ± 0.09) compared to the control (1.62 mg L−1 ± 0.17). These results are fascinating for a biotechnological application because the membrane-bound SspCA can be used in the microalgal culture for obtaining a very high production of the carotenoids.
The Effects of Astaxanthin on Proliferation and Differentiation of MG-63 Osteosarcoma Cells via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Pathway: A Comparison with AhR Endogenous Ligand
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Nima Montazeri-Najafabady, Mohammad Hossein Dabbaghmanesh, Nazanin Chatrabnous, Mohammad Reza Arabnezhad
Various dietary AhR ligands including flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, and carotenoids have been displayed to prompt the AhR activity and are either known or indirect AhR ligands (24). Even though being AHR ligands, many are considered as AHR antagonists with regard to canonical AhR signaling. In addition, those that show weak agonist activity may, if present at sufficient concentrations, act as competitive antagonists of more potent ligands, eg., flavonoids (25). In the present study, we observed that AST at concentrations between 5 to 20 μM increased the expression of Runx2, collagen type 1, osteopontin and osteocalcin, but the upward trend of expression at high concentration (40 μM) was declining. It seems that AST at high concentration acts as AhR antagonist. In a previous study in rats, Ohno et al. reported that the induction of CYP1A-dependent activity by AST-containing coconut oil was due to increased mRNA levels of CYP1A1 (26). Canthaxanthin, another member of the carotenoid family, has been shown to be a powerful inducer of liver CYP1A1 in C57BL/6mice, but neither in AhR-non-responsive DBA/2 mice, nor in AhR gene-knockout mice (27). Gradelet et al. suggest that this chemical could activate the AhR, despite its lack of binding to the TCDD site of action (27). Similar to our results, Ohno et al. revealed that AST can activate AhR to bind to XREs in the nuclei, leading to increased CYP1A1 transcription. Our results suggest that AST can regulate the osteoblast-like cells, MG-63, proliferation and differentiation. It seems that these effects may be mediated through AhR-dependent pathway. Moreover, other In Vitro and In Vivo studies, and also long periods of treatment with AST should be performed to find the exact mechanism of regulation of MG-63 proliferation and differentiation.
Pomegranate juice supports therapeutic –treatment of atorvastatin against maternal hypercholesterolemia induced retinopathy of rat offspring
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Hassan IH EL-Sayyad, Hebattallah A Abd El-Gallil, Heba A El-Ghawet
Also, Goula et al. [59] extracted carotenoids from a pomegranate. Retinol, rhodopin, canthaxanthin, xanthophylls, lutein (LUT), and zeaxanthin (ZEA) are carotenoids with potent antioxidant activities, capable of crossing the retinal pigment epithelium and accumulated in the macula and protecting against age-related macular degeneration [58]. Carotenoids were found to improve the neovascularization and damage of both retinal cells and photoreceptor outer segment [60].