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Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that astaxanthin has advantageous physiological effects that are beneficial to human health. Some of the properties include anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, as well as prevention against atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and other degenerative diseases, which is why the nutraceutical market is in high demand for the encapsulated product (Hamed et al., 2015; Pateiro et al., 2019; Nanda et al., 2021; Higuera-Ciapara et al., 2006).
Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Remember, astaxanthin is in migratory fish with red color. Many of these fish, as well as other omega-3 varietals found in the Mediterranean basin, include red snapper, sardines and Alistado red shrimp, to mention a few. One of the best cardiovascular reviews on astaxanthin was published in the International Journal of Molecular Medicine in 2021.36 A virulent and dangerous free radical causing oxidized LDL is the peroxynitrite free radical. Astaxanthin not only neutralizes this horrific free radical, but it also converts it to the 15-N nitro astaxanthin that helps to support further antioxidant action. The powerful antioxidant and inflammatory effects of astaxanthin extend to stimulating reverse cholesterol transport, thus attenuating the formation of foam cells. In addition, favorable rheological properties create better blood flow while reducing blood transit time as well. Precious omega-3 essential fatty acids also support the circulatory system.
Carotenoids in Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Astaxanthin is a red-colored carotenoid pigment, abundantly found in many marine organisms, like crustaceans, microalgae, and krill (Higuera-Ciapara et al., 2006; Miki, 1991; Alghazwi et al., 2019). In addition, it is also present in a small number of plants and yeasts, and in the feathers of a few birds (Hussein et al., 2006; Alghazwi et al., 2019). Astaxanthin belongs to the xanthophyll family of carotenoids and is commercially offered isolated from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (Wu et al., 2015; Alghazwi et al., 2019). Astaxanthin, being a powerful antioxidant, showed substantial neuroprotective efficacy in the PC12 cell line, which includes neuroblastic cells, against Aβ25–35-induced toxicity (Chang et al., 2010; Alghazwi et al., 2019). In another study, astaxanthin showed substantial inhibition of Aβ25–35-induced toxicity in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line by reducing the Bcl–2:Bax ratio, decreasing the rate of apoptosis (Wang et al., 2010; Alghazwi et al., 2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of astaxanthin contribute substantially to the protective activity against AD (Zhang et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2015; Han et al., 2019). Astaxanthin has also demonstrated greater protective efficacy against Aβ25–35-induced cytotoxicity, compared with that achieved by β-carotene and canthaxanthin (Chang et al., 2013; Alghazwi et al., 2019).
ALSUntangled # 69: astaxanthin
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2023
Timothy Fullam, Carmel Armon, Paul Barkhaus, Benjamin Barnes, Morgan Beauchamp, Michael Benatar, Tulio Bertorini, Robert Bowser, Mark Bromberg, Javier Mascias Cadavid, Gregory T. Carter, Mazen Dimachkie, Dave Ennist, Eva L. Feldman, Terry Heiman-patterson, Sartaj Jhooty, Isaac Lund, Christopher Mcdermott, Gary Pattee, Dylan Ratner, Paul Wicks, Richard Bedlack
While astaxanthin has a similar molecular structure to β-carotene and other carotenoids, its central non-polar moiety contains 13 bonds versus 11 in β-carotene, which enhances the antioxidant effects of the molecule. In addition, astaxanthin has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties allowing it to function both inside and outside of the cell and enhancing its ability to cross the blood brain barrier (3). These features allow astaxanthin to function as a more potent antioxidant, with some in vitro studies suggesting it is up to 10 times stronger compared to other carotenoids and 100–500 times stronger versus vitamin E (α-tocopherol) (8–11). Astaxanthin demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in various in vitro and in vivo models and is widely available without a prescription in the form of capsules, soft gels, tablets, powders, creams, energy drinks, oils, and extracts (6).
Effectiveness of a combined New Zealand green-lipped mussel and Antarctic krill oil supplement on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation in untrained men
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Matthew J. Barenie, MS, RD, Jessica A. Freemas, MS, Marissa N. Baranauskas, PhD, Curtis S. Goss, MSK, Kadie L. Freeman, MS, Xiwei Chen, MS, Stephanie L. Dickinson, MS, Alyce D. Fly, PhD, CFS, Keisuke Kawata, PhD, Robert F. Chapman, PhD, FACSM, Timothy D. Mickleborough, PhD
Astaxanthin a carotenoid found in krill oil, and therefore exclusively found in the ESPO-572® blend, exhibits remarkable antioxidant properties that are reportedly 10-100 times more active than other common antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, lutein, and β-carotene (Miki 1991). A myriad of findings in animal models supports its utility in facilitating muscle recovery through the suppression of oxidative radicals, inflammation, and matrix metalloproteinases (Aoi et al. 2003; Kochi et al. 2014; Park et al. 2020). It has been suggested that due to its antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, astaxanthin has been shown to improve muscle function and recovery from exercise in humans (Earnest et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2018; Fleischmann et al. 2019). Baralic et al. (Baralic et al. 2015) and Djordjevic et al. (Djordjevic et al. 2012) presented findings in support of astaxanthin as a muscle recovery agent in young male soccer players. Across a 90 d competitive season, astaxanthin was found to attenuate markers of muscle damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which remained elevated in a control group (Djordjevic et al. 2012). Therefore, it is possible that the astaxanthin component of ESPO-572®, may facilitate muscle recovery by inhibiting proinflammatory and prooxidant physiologic pathways contributing to cytokine-induced tissue damage (Buddhachat et al. 2017).
Astaxanthin Prevented Oxidative Stress in Heart and Kidneys of Isoproterenol-Administered Aged Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mohammad Nazmul Alam, Md. Murad Hossain, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Nusrat Subhan, Md. Abdullah Al Mamun, Anayt Ulla, Hasan Mahmud Reza, Md. Ashraful Alam
Experimental myocardial infarction was induced by injecting isoproterenol (ISO) hydrochloride (dissolved in physiological solution) subcutaneously in rats. To test the effect of astaxanthin on isoproterenol-induced cardiac disturbances, 18 aged Long Evans male rats were evenly divided into three groups. Control group (Group I) was given only the laboratory-ground food and normal water. ISO-induced group (Group II) was administered ISO at a dose of 50 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) twice a week for two weeks. Group III (Astaxanthin + ISO group) was treated with astaxanthin 25 mg/kg orally every day and ISO 50 mg/kg SC twice a week for two weeks. The weighed quantity of astaxanthin was dissolved in olive oil. Olive oil was chosen as the vehicle because astaxanthin is soluble in olive oil. The dose of astaxanthin (25 mg/kg) was selected on the basis of previously published dose-response studies (Preuss et al., 2011). Animals were checked for body weight and water intake on a daily basis. After two weeks, all animals were anesthetized using ketamine, and then all the animals were weighed. All animals were sacrificed using a high dose of pentobarbitone anesthesia (90 mg/kg); blood and internal organs such as heart, kidney, spleen, and liver were collected. Immediately after collection, organs were weighed and stored at −20°C for further study. Blood was drawn via syringe and centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°C. Then plasma was transferred using a micropipette into microcentrifuge tubes (Tarsons Products Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, India) and stored at −20°C until analyzed.