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Herbs in Cancer Therapy
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Annum Malik, Shahzadi Sidra Saleem, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Learn-Han Lee, Bey Hing Goh, Tahir Mehmood Khan
Brassinosteroids are polyhydroxysteroids that belong to a class of phytohormones. They play various regulatory roles in the physiological processes of plants, such as cell division and stem and root elongation. They are referred to as steroidal, owing to their mechanism of action. They bind to the receptors inside the cell membrane, initiating a cascade of regulatory effects involving a large number of genes. Over 40 naturally occurring brassinosteroids have been identified, out of which two were used as anticancerous agents on different cell lines: 28-homocastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide. Brassinosteroids interact with the cell cycle and initiate regulatory responses that cause growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death of the cancerous cells (Malíková et al. 2008).
Pharmacological actions of chemical constituents
Published in C. P. Khare, Evidence-based Ayurveda, 2019
Plant steroids constitute a diverse group of natural products. Biosynthetically, they are derived from S-squalene-2,3-epoxide via an acetate-mevalonate pathway. Among the plant steroids, phytosterols are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. It is significant that some phytosterols have been reported to possess hypocholesterolemic activity. Withanolides are a large group of steroidal lactones with various biological activities. Brassinosteroids are a small group of plant steroids exhibiting plant growth hormonal activity. Phytoecdysteroids are polyhydroxylated plant steroids, many of which are known to exhibit anabolic effects with no undesirable side effects. Steroidal alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant steroids with an array of biological activities.
Introduction
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
Seed contains anthraquinones, namely; aurantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin, obtusin, chrysoobtusin-2-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion, emodin, chrysophanol, obtusifolin, obtusifolin-2-O-β-d-glucoside, alaternin 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (Lee et al., 1998), brassinosteroids (brassinolide, castasterone, typhasterol, teasterone and 28-norcastasterone) and monoglycerides (monopalmitin and monoolein) (Park et al., 1994). Phenolic glycosides such as rubrofusarin triglucoside, nor-rubrofusarin gentiobioside, demethylflavasperone gentiobioside, torachrysone gentiobioside, torachrysone tetraglucoside and torachrysone apioglucoside were also isolated from the seed (Hatano et al., 1999). The seeds yield a gum (7.65%) which is the most efficient suspending agent for calomel, kaolin and talc. Extraction of the dried and crushed seeds with petroleum ether gave brownish-yellow oil and subsequently Chrysophanic acid was also isolated from this oil (Farooq et al., 1956). Thirteen phenolic glycoside including six new compounds were isolated from seed of Cassia species. These are rubrofusarin triglucoside, nor-rubrofusarin, gentiobioside, demethyflavasperone gentiobioside, torachrysone gentiobioside, torachrysone tetraglucoside and torachrysone apioglucoside. Two new naphtha-pyrone glycosides, 9 (β-d-glucopyranosynl-(1—6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-10-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-mehtyl-1H-naptho[2,3-c]pyran-1-one and 6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-rubrofusarin, together with Cassia side and rubrofusarin-6-β-gentiobioside were isolated from the seeds of Cassia species (Shivjeet et al., 2013).
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
Chemical and other abiotic stress typically induce the synthesis of certain phytohormones, cytokinins, and antioxidant molecules (such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and tocopherols) to re-equilibrate homeostasis (Verma et al. 2016; Behr et al. 2020). In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven UGTs (UGT84B1, UGT75B1, UGT84A2, UGT71B6, UGT71B7, UGT71B8, and UGT71C) have been identified that glycosylate abscisic acid (Chen, Liu, Xiao, et al. 2020). Recombinant UGT84B1, UGT84B2, UGT76E1, UGT75B1, UGT75B2, and UGT74D1 were found to be able to glycosylate jasmonic acid as well as other auxins in vitro (Jackson et al. 2001; Jin et al. 2013). Brassinosteroids may be glycosylated by UGT73C5 and UGT73C6; cytokinins by UGT85A1, UGT76C1, and UGT76C2 (Smehilova et al. 2016); and salicylic acid by UGT76B1, UGT89A2, and UGT76D1 (Brazier-Hicks et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018). The most recent findings regarding the mechanism by which glycosylation affects plant response to abiotic stress along with the role of UGTs in this process has been reviewed by Behr et al. (2020).