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Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Camila Fernanda de Oliveira Junkes, Franciele Antonia Neis, Fernanda de Costa, Anna Carolina Alves Yendo, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
Plants can show tolerance to heavy metals based on mechanisms modulating regulation of their absorption in the rhizosphere and accumulation in roots. These strategies may preserve plant cell integrity and primary functions, which, in association with the low translocation to the aerial part, may avoid overload on the photosynthetic apparatus and damage to the vascular bundles. The concentration of free heavy metals in the cytosol is reduced especially via compartmentalization in subcellular structures, exclusion and/or decrease in membrane transport. In addition, production and formation of cysteine rich peptides, known as phytochelatins and metallothioneins, can complex several metals. In conjunction, the actions of antioxidant defense systems, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, are capable of removing, neutralizing or cleaning free radicals (Emamverdian et al., 2015). All these mechanisms can also impact the synthesis and extrusion of several plant metabolites, both from primary and secondary metabolism.
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Investigation on Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth.) Sant. & Wagh.
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Medicinal Plants, 2018
Saikumar Sathyanarayanan, Rahul Chandran, Murugan Rajan, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj
The transverse section of the leaf showed the upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll tissue and prominent vascular bundle (Figure 14.1a and b). The upper epidermis is formed by the arrangement of rectangular cells and is covered by a thick cuticle. Below the epidermis, a compactly-arranged layer of palisade parenchymatous tissue can be seen followed by three to four layers of loosely arranged spongy parenchymatous tissue consisting of sclerenchymatous patches. The vascular bundle consists of xylem tissue towards upper side and phloem tissue extends towards lower side, and is identified as an endarch vascular bundle. The leaf constant of P. hexapetalum is presented in Table 14.1. The upper epidermis of leaf consists 16.06 ± 0.23 stomatal index and 36.33 ± 1.53 stomatal numbers, whereas in the lower side 17.06 ± 0.09 stomatal index and 41.33 ± 1.53 stomatal numbers were observed (Figure 14.1d and 14.1e).
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Oil cells have suberized walls and contain either orange-yellow globules of a volatile oil or amorphous resinous masses. Vascular bundles are scattered and are collateral, with phloem toward the periphery and few xylem elements. Endodermis is composed of thin-walled barrel-shaped cells. The vessels have mainly spiral thickenings and only a few have reticulate and annular structure.318
Localization and characterization of proenkephalin-A as a potential biomarker for kidney disease in murine and human kidneys
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Michaela Alexandra Anna Fuchs, Julia Schrankl, Charlotte Wagner, Christoph Daniel, Armin Kurtz, Katharina Anna-Elisabeth Broeker
In adult mice, the expression pattern of Penk mRNA was comparable to neonatal kidneys, but mRNA signals were detected with lower density than in nine-day-old kidneys (Figure 3A). Penk expressing PDGFR-β+ cells of the inner medulla and the inner stripe of the outer medulla also coexpressed tenascin-C (TNC). TNC+ interstitial cells constitute a subpopulation of PDGFR-β+ interstitial cells (Broeker et al.2020). Penk+ cells could also be detected along vascular bundles in the outer medulla. In the cortex, only few vessel associated pericytes (Figure 3D) showed Penk mRNA signals. The majority of PDGFR-β+ interstitial cells of the cortex did not express Penk mRNA. Throughout the kidney cortex Penk mRNA was also detected in some CD45+ immune cells (Figure 3C). Tubular structures of adult mouse kidneys did not show any signals for Penk. Further colocalization studies showed that basal Penk mRNA expression did not co-localize with markers for endothelial cells like CD31.
Combinatorial effect of radium-223 and irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer bone metastasis in mice
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Raniv D. Rojo, Joy Vanessa D. Perez, Jossana A. Damasco, Guoyu Yu, Song-Chang Lin, Francisco M. Heralde, Nora M. Novone, Elmer B. Santos, Sue-Hwa Lin, Marites P. Melancon
Among these percutaneous approaches, IRE is unique because it is considered primarily nonthermal and does not depend on temperature to be effective, thus avoiding heat-related limitations [17]. IRE relies on high-voltage pulses of electrical current that cause irreversible damage to the cell membrane [18,19] by creating nanopores that lead to the loss of homeostasis and eventual cell death while preserving noncellular stroma [10,20,21]. This approach also reduces the risk of permanent damage to proximal vital tissues, such as nerves and vascular bundles, [13,18,22–24], which is important in the management of bone metastases due to their proximity to these structures. Some hyperthermia has been observed with IRE use as thermal ablative temperatures (≥ 50 °C) and histological signs of thermal damage within the IRE ablative zone have been reported [19,25,26], although simulations suggest that this effect is largely mild hyperthermia (40°C ≤ T < 50 °C) with very limited thermal ablation (5%) [27]. Yet, optimization of the ablative zone to minimize exposure of vital structures to the IRE field is an important preparatory step in IRE treatment [28]. However, the same adjustments to the IRE field that protects vital structures may also lead to incomplete elimination of tumor cells. As a result, recurrence remains a significant limitation of currently available ablation therapies [29–31] with the rate of local tumor control ranging widely from 36 to 97% [11,32–35].
Therapeutic potential of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on ageing induced damage in dorsal nerve of the penis and its implication on erectile function: an experimental study using albino rats
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Prakash Seppan, Ibrahim Muhammed, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Ganesh Lakshmanan, Dinesh Premavathy, Sakthi Jothi Muthu, Khayinmi Wungmarong Shimray, Sathya Bharathy Sathyanathan
At the end of the experimental period, the conduction velocity of DNP was studied using the procedure described by Calaresu [15] and Schaumburg et al. [16]. Briefly, animals were anesthetized by using ketamine (10 mg/kg b.w.) and DNP was exposed by a vertical incision from 1 cm above the root of the penis to the tip of the prepuce. The DNP was identified and was detached from the vascular bundle and the fascia. All the surgical procedure was done under aseptic condition. Stainless steel hook electrode was used (two stimulators and recorders each and one ground). The stimulator was inserted in the glands penis and the recorder was placed in such a way to hook the DNP at the level of the root of the penis (1.5 cm) and was made sure that it does not contact any other place of the animal body. One electrode was used as ground and it was placed in the middle of the stimulator and the recorder electrodes. The stimulation was given at two different points at an interval of 2 cm, one in the base and one in the tip of the penis. To calculate the conduction velocity, the difference between the latencies onset obtained at the two points is divided by the distance between the two points. It is calculated in meters per second (m/sec) by using the Equation (1).