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Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Pharmacognostical characteristics — Epidermis of stem has glandular and nonglandular hairs and stomata of caryophyllaceous type. The cortex consists of collenchymatous strands, below the epidermis and in-between the bulges, four to five layers of parenchyma cells, and a distinct layer of endodermis. The phloem is characterized by the presence of acicular fibers in old plants. The vascular system is represented by an ectophloic siphonostele. Cystoliths are present in the epidermal and cortical region of stem and epidermis of the leaves, bracts, bracteoles, and sepals of flower. Small acicular crystals of calcium oxalate occur in the pith and
Microscopical Characters of the Medicinal Species of Bupleurum in China
Published in Sheng-Li Pan, Bupleurum Species, 2006
The root of Bupleurum is covered by periderm composed of five to ten regularly arranged cork cell layers of quadrangular cells elongated periclinally (Figure 3.1). In some species, such as B. bicaule, B. yinchowense, cork cells are up to 20 to 22 cell layers. Under the periderm there are three to four cell layers of pericyclic parenchyma, the corners of which are usually slightly thickened. Several resin ducts occur in pericyclic parenchyma. Nagoshi and Odani (1976) discovered that these ducts are reticulately distributed in a single layer under the periderm. The primary phloem is at in the periphery of the phloem bundle. The sieve elements are collapsed and almost invisible. In secondary phloem, the sieves and the companion cells are arranged in groups and can be distinguished from parenchyma by their size and darker cytoplasm. Oil cavities are scattered in the pericyclic parenchyma, the secondary phloem, and phloem rays. The number of oil cavities varies in different species. In a few species, e.g., B. polyclonum, B. marginatum var. stenophyllum, B. rockii, and B. wenchuanense, oil cavities cannot be found in phloem and phloem rays. In some species, for example, B. chinense, B. krylovianum, the oil cavities in phloem and phloem rays are up to seven to eight layers. The transversally dilated cells of the phloem rays of some species, i.e., B. marginatum var. stenophyllum, B. kunmingense, B. polyclonum, and B. longiradiatum, are filled with starch grains 4 to 12 µm in diameter.
Neurotransmitters in Characean Electrical Signaling
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Vilma Kisnieriene, Indre Lapeikaite, Vilmantas Pupkis
Long-distance nutrient transport in the Charales, apparently involving cytoplasmic streaming, is the functional equivalent of nutrient transport in the xylem and phloem in the parenchymatously constructed sporophytes of vascular embryophytes (Raven 2013). Ding et al. (1992) fed NaH14CO3 to a branchlet of C. corallina in an internode-branchlet complex and measured photoassimilates after 10 min in both the source branchlet and the sink internode, using thin-layer chromatography. The main photoassimilates transported were sucrose and amino acids. Transport was aided by downward concentration gradients of sucrose, serine, and glutamic acid between the cytoplasm. What is very interesting, cell-to-cell nutrient transport depends on the electrical properties of the cell. The stimulated cell may become isolated from the neighboring cells since the intercellular passage of substances through PD is inhibited when an AP is evoked. Beilby established that in the winter months the lateral internode cells exhibited low resting potential of ~−120 mV, (which is near excitation threshold), and restricted cell-to-cell communication. The exposure to excitation inhibitor La3+ restored intercellular passage of substances as the action potential inhibited communication between nodes and internodes. In spring, the branch cells with more negative resting potential (~−210 mV) increased transport of 6-carboxyfluorcescein between internodes and adjacent nodes. As in winter cells, if cytoplasmic Ca2+ was increased due to action potential or exposure to ionophore A23187, cell-to-cell transport was inhibited (Beilby 2016). Plasmodesmata not only facilitates transport of nutrients and photosynthates and ions across the cells but ensures steady signal transfer, permitting electrical coupling between adjacent cells.
Radiation induced mutagenesis, physio-biochemical profiling and field evaluation of mutants in sugarcane cv. CoM 0265
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Madhavi V. Purankar, Ashok A. Nikam, Rachayya M. Devarumath, Suprasanna Penna
Sucrose is the main form of storage carbon in sugarcane. It is produced in leaves and transported to phloem and stored in parenchyma cells of stem. Based on our observations and available literature, probable mechanisms adapted by mutant clones for improved sucrose under saline conditions may include: (1) improvement in stomatal conductance by maintaining water balance, (2) improvement in carbon assimilation, (3) higher transport of sugars from source to sink, (4) adjustment of ionic and osmotic balance by maintaining lower levels of Na+ into the cells, and (5) efficient ROS scavenging ability (Figure 7). Sucrose formation and storage in sugarcane is a complex process and is controlled by SuSy, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), neutral invertase, acid invertase, and hexokinase which define the fate of carbon assimilation into the sucrose (Kalwade and Devarumath 2014; Mirajkar et al. 2016). Under stress condition, several stress signaling mechanisms are reported to indirectly control activity of these enzymes, thereby aiding to maintain carbon assimilation and sucrose content (Trouverie et al. 2004; Guo et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2019). In a previous study, differential sugar metabolism with higher SPS activity was associated with high sugar content in sugarcane mutants (Mirajkar et al. 2016).
Angio-Suppressive Effect of Partially Purified Lectin-like Protein from Musa acuminata pseudostem by Inhibition of VEGF-Mediated Neovascularization and Induces Apoptosis Both In Vitro and In Vivo
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Balaji Kyathegowdanadoddi Srinivas, Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu, Shankar Jayarama
Therefore, our present experimental study emphasizes and investigates the role of the Musa acuminata plant in rediscovering the therapeutic attributes of cancer. Herein, we first time reporting the hemagglutination and cytotoxic activities of partially purified Musa acuminata Lectin Protein (MALP), using in vitro and in vivo models. MALP from phloem exudates is capable of inducing hemagglutination in erythrocytes and the anti-cancer property against the different human cancer lines in vitro. Further, in vivo studies against EAC tumor-bearing mice show that the MALP treatment can inhibit the tumor development and progression in the mice by forming apoptotic bodies and also suppress tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels. Thus, our results conclude that the possible role of MALP from phloem exudates, is a dietary complement or an adjuvant which delays, prevents or protects the cancer cell proliferation. Further studies need to explore the molecular mechanism, underlying the anti-cancer potential of the MALP.
Global impact of trace non-essential heavy metal contaminants in industrial cannabis bioeconomy
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Louis Bengyella, Mohammed Kuddus, Piyali Mukherjee, Dobgima J. Fonmboh, John E. Kaminski
Heavy metals loading into xylem vessels occurs via HMA2 and/or HMA4 proteins (Park and Ahn 2017), and sequestration results from the binding of chelating proteins and transporters (Uraguchi et al. 2009). Heavy metals trafficking from xylem to phloem is mediated by PHT1:1, PHT1:4, and heavy metal ATPase and cation exchanger 2 (Wong and Cobbett 2009). Recently, Ahmad et al. (2016) identified two important HMs responsive genes, glutathione-disulfidereductase (GSR) and phospholipase D-α (PLDα) in C. sativa that are overregulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under stress. In another study, an increase in phytochelatin and DNA content was observed when C. sativa was subjected to heavy metal stress conditions (Citterio et al. 2003). The cannabis genome consists of 54 GRAS transcription factors (involved in growth and development) that regulate 40 homologous GRAS genes under cadmium stress (Ming-Yin et al. 2020). Thus, we suggest the application of reverse genetics to silence HMs transporters in the developmental process of next-generation domesticated cannabis. This approach has the potential to mitigate the intrinsic phytoremediation propensity, ensure consumer safety, and boost the cannabis bioeconomy. However, to develop HMs hyperaccumulating cannabis strains for applied biotechnologies such as phytoremediation, phytomining, and pre-cultivation cleaning of farmland, exploring evolved and adapted landraces from global HMs hotspots (Table 1) could facilitate the process. Cannabis landraces from global HMs hotspots should be studied for their unique physiological propensity to uptake, transport, and sequestrate HMs and avert extinction in extreme growing conditions.