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Immunosuppressants, rheumatic and gastrointestinal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The mechanism of action of bismuth-containing agents (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth subnitrate or bismuth subgallate) remains largely unknown. Studies have shown that bismuth subsalicylate inhibits intestinal secretion caused by cholera toxins and enterotoxic E. coli. In children with acute diarrhoea, studies have shown that treatment with bismuth subsalicylate reduces the frequency of unformed stools and the duration of diarrhoea [15]. Reports of encephalopathy occurring during ingestion of bismuth-containing compounds [16] led to prohibition of bismuth containing agents in France.
Stomas
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
John R.T. Monson, Iain Andrew Hunter
Oral preparations that may be used to control flatus include chlorophyll tablets, charcoal biscuits and bismuth subgallate. Bismuth subgallate may inhibit growth of the colonic flora by altering intestinal motility, but it can sometimes cause constipation.223 An alternative is to place compounds such as aspirin in the stoma bag. Commercial preparations are now available for this purpose and include sodium-phenylphenate tetrahydrate (0.3%) with parachlorometaxylenol (0.2%), oxychlorosene or benzalkonium chloride.
Drug profiles: generic names A–Z
Published in Jerome Z. Litt, Neil H. Shear, Litt's Drug Eruption & Reaction Manual, 2017
Indications: As part of ‘triple therapy’ (antibiotics + bismuth) for eradication of H. pylori. Bismuth subgallate initiates clotting via activation of factor XII, and is used for bleeding during tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. BIPP impregnated ribbon gauze is used for packing following ear surgery. Bismuth subsalicylate is in OTC products for gastrointestinal complaints and peptic ulcer disease
Free radical formation in chloramphenicol heated at different temperatures and the best thermal sterilization conditions – application of EPR spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
The parameters of the EPR spectra of chloramphenicol are strongly dependent on the sterilization conditions of the samples. The amplitudes (A) and linewidths (ΔBpp) of the spectra were compared in Figure 4(a) and (b), respectively. The amplitudes of the EPR lines decreased with increase in sterilization temperature (Figure 4(a)). Linewidth (ΔBpp) of the EPR spectrum of chloramphenicol heated at 110 °C (60 min) was higher than that observed for chloramphenicol heated at both 100 °C (120 min) and 120 °C (30 min) (Figure 4(b)). All the measured EPR spectra were broad with linewidths (ΔBpp) in the range of 1.38–1.47 mT (Figure 4(b)). The broad EPR lines indicate strong dipolar interactions between unpaired electrons of free radicals in the heated chloramphenicol. Strong dipolar interactions have also been observed in other organic compounds such as aminoglycoside antibiotics12, bismuth subgallate1, dehydroxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid2.