China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Biological monitoring is the measurement of the body's burden of chemical compounds, elements, or their metabolites, in biological fluids (usually blood or urine, although other biological media have been used including breath, saliva, hair, nails, etc.).50 A summary of the respective advantages and limitations of various biological matrices used in biomonitoring studies to assess environmental exposures to humans is provided in the WHO document on biomonitoring.51 Such measurements may reflect the amount of substance stored in the body from previous exposure, sometimes from exposure that has occurred many weeks or months prior (e.g., persistent organic pollutants, lead, and cadmium).51 When considering dermal exposure, it reflects both exposure and subsequent absorption of the agent into the systemic circulation, rather than potential exposure.15 However as biological monitoring generally evaluates some form of integrated exposure by inhalation, dermal contact, and any other possible routes into the body, the amount of exposure by the dermal route may not be distinguishable from that by the inhalation or ingestion route.
Perception, Planning, and Scoping, Problem Formulation, and Hazard Identification
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
A variety of human tissues or fluids have been used as sources of biomonitoring or biomarker data. These tissues or fluids include: whole blood or serum, urine, adipose tissue, hair, breast milk, saliva or sputum, semen, and exhaled air. The increasing ability of analytical chemists to measure extremely low concentrations of a variety of chemicals in human tissues requires that these data be presented in the proper context.87 The presence of a chemical in the body is only indicative of the need for understanding what this finding means—as such, the finding of chemicals present in the body constitutes hazard identification only.
Surveillance for Pesticide-Related Disease
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Although the focus has been on disease surveillance systems, there are population-based exposure monitoring programs that complement disease-based efforts. One example is the ongoing biomonitoring survey conducted by the National Center for Environmental Health within Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).8 This program conducts exposure assessment by analyzing selected toxicants in biological samples from the general population. The Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals provides the latest findings of the ongoing assessment of 148 chemicals. The pesticide groups covered by this survey include: 16 organochlorines; organophosphates (6 dialkyl phosphates, and 6 sp carbamates); DEET; ortho-phenylphenol; and 2,5-dichlorphenol.
Review of mechanisms of genotoxic action of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (formerly dibenzo[a,l]pyrene)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
K. Kowalczyk, J. Roszak, Z. Sobańska, M. Stępnik
As PAHs, including DBC, are present in the environment, humans are constantly exposed to their deleterious action. Detailed data on the occurrence in air or food as well as on the inhalatory and dietary intake of DBC are scarce, therefore, data received in human biomonitoring studies are very valuable. Biomonitoring allows to measure the substance, its metabolites, or protein and DNA adducts in human tissues which can be a base for assessing environmental, real – life exposure and estimating the pharmacokinetics. Direct studies, as performed by Madeen et al. (2016) in which volunteers were orally dosed with microdoses of DBC in order to examine their plasma and urine for DBC metabolites, are extremelly rare – due to obvious reasons. However, large biomonitoring projects, which aim to update the regulations and create guidelines in regards to the compounds newly identified as hazardous, are carried on. PAHs, including DBC, were listed as a priority substances, e.g. in a HBM4EU project, which coordinates human biomonitoring studies across Europe (https://www.hbm4eu.eu/; access: 18.02 2022). Also WHO identified DBC as one of 16 PAHs most concerning in terms of exposure and risk of negative health effects (World Health Organization 2015).
A follow-up study on workers involved in the graphene production process after the introduction of exposure mitigation measures: evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Delia Cavallo, Cinzia Lucia Ursini, Anna Maria Fresegna, Aureliano Ciervo, Fabio Boccuni, Riccardo Ferrante, Francesca Tombolini, Raffaele Maiello, Pieranna Chiarella, Giuliana Buresti, Valentina Del Frate, Diana Poli, Roberta Andreoli, Luisana Di Cristo, Stefania Sabella, Sergio Iavicoli
Our results suggest the usefulness of the proposed sensitive and no or minimally invasive biomarkers of early and still repairable genotoxic and oxidative effects for the biomonitoring over time of occupational exposure to a complex scenario (such as graphene production process) including nanoparticle exposure at low dose. Such biomarkers are more sensitive than those used for the biomonitoring of early biological effects (chromosome aberrations frequency, Sister chromatid exchange, MN on lymphocytes, gene mutations, unscheduled DNA synthesis) on workers exposed to carcinogens. The biomarkers proposed in this study, able to highlight early and still repairable DNA damage on biological matrices easily obtainable, could represent a useful tool to add to the above cited biomarkers in the biomonitoring of exposed workers. It is particularly relevant for occupational setting involved in the production of new potentially carcinogenic materials. The proposed approach could represent a useful tool for the biomonitoring of workers exposed not only to NM but also to other chemicals, providing indications in terms of characterization and prevention of risk. Moreover, our approach can also be suitable to verify the effectiveness of mitigation measurements furnishing a useful contribute to the control and management of occupational exposure risk.
Occupational low-level exposure to hard metals: cobalt and tungsten biomonitoring as an effective tool to evaluate the effectiveness of industrial hygiene interventions for risk management
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
M. Paganelli, J. Fostinelli, S. Renzetti, M. Sarnico, C. Tomasi, P. Lovreglio, I. Pilia, L. I. Lecca, G. De Palma
As stated above, biomonitoring can be a valid tool for the evaluation of the effectiveness of a prevention intervention aimed to control the exposure levels and the daily intake of occupational xenobiotics. The significant decrease of Co-U and W-U concentrations at T1 as compared to T0 in the paired sample analysis, was further supported by the linear mixed model analysis that allowed us to show the direct positive relationship between the magnitude of the decreases and the no. of preventive interventions enforced in each plant. As it often happens in the field of occupational health and safety, no revolutionary ideas or new devices are required to significantly improve the working conditions: the careful application of simple industrial hygiene measures can be enough to significantly improve the workers’ safety and health. In the scientific literature, few studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of preventive interventions (in particular introduction and enforcement of personal and collective protection devices) in the field of workplace exposure to airborne metals (Dyosi 2007). To the best of our knowledge, so far this is the first study assessing the effectiveness of prevention practices through biological monitoring in the sector of HMA tool manufacturing, in presence of low levels of airborne HMA dusts.