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The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
The apparently higher relative risk for clothing workers reported in the Roswell Park Study had earlier been noted for a population in Leeds, England, where tumors of the urinary bladder were reviewed by Anthony and Thomas.186 The relative risk for all weavers, finishers, dyers, and tailors with 20 years in the occupation ranged from 2.9 to 12.9. The relationship was also found for women, where the relative risk was 2 for weavers and 13.5 for tailors, the latter with a p value less than 0.001. For clothing workers overall, the relative risk was 1.8. Among medical workers examined in the Leeds study, nurses showed the highest relative risk of 2.1, though there were only 5 cases. No known bladder carcinogens could be identified in the work environment of the clothing industry, whereas benzidine used by nurses for bedside testing for occult blood was suggested as a possible cause for that group.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Published in Anthony R. Mundy, John M. Fitzpatrick, David E. Neal, Nicholas J. R. George, The Scientific Basis of Urology, 2010
T. R. Leyshon Griffiths, Nick Mayer
Occupational exposure to chemicals in Europe accounts for up to 10% of male bladder cancers. Most carcinogens have a latent period of 15 to 20 years between exposure and the development of tumors. The proportion may be higher in countries with less-regulated industrial processes. Bladder cancer has an important place in the history of occupational disease. In 1895, Rehn reported cases of bladder cancer in a German aniline dye factory. In 1938, Hueper produced the first experimental evidence showing that the aromatic amine, β-naphthylamine, could induce bladder cancer in dogs (10). Following this and other reports, a full epidemiological survey conducted by Case showed that exposure to a-naphthylamine, β-naphthylamine, or benzidine, rather than to aniline itself, was the main factor associated with the development of bladder cancer (11). Aromatic amines were widely used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments for textiles, paints, plastics, paper and hair dyes, in drugs, pesticides and as anticipated in the rubber industry. In 1952, production of β-naphthylamine ceased in the United Kingdom, and in 1953 bladder cancer became a prescribed industrial disease (12). It is calculated that approximately 4% of bladder cancer cases in European men are because of exposure to PAHs, by-products of the catabolic process (13).
Use of Biomarkers in Health Risk Assessment
Published in Anthony P. DeCaprio, Toxicologic Biomarkers, 2006
Annette Santamaria, Laura Ferriby, Mark Harris, Dennis Paustenbach
Carcinogens are assumed, for regulatory purposes, not to have thresholds; however, biochemical and molecular information obtained from biomarker studies may provide valuable information on the mechanism of action and may permit the identification of a threshold. For example, several studies involving workers occupationally exposed to benzene at high doses have documented increases in chromosome aberrations, genetic mutations, and DNA oxidative damage in cells by measuring different biomarkers and in doing so have elucidated potentially important mechanisms for the induction of leukemia by benzene (23–31). Another example of the use of biomarkers in assessing mechanisms of carcinogenicity is the 1996 study conducted by Rothman et al. (32). In their work, these researchers measured urinary metabolites and mutagenicity and determined the genotypes and phenotypes for N-acetyl-transferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione-S-transferase m1 (GSTM1) in workers exposed to benzidine and benzidine-based dyes to help assess a mechanism for the development of urinary bladder tumors in this population. Additionally, further analysis of DNA-adducts measured during this study revealed benzidine as a definitive hazard by demonstrating that exposed groups had adduct levels that were 12 times higher than controls.
Correlations between pore textures of activated carbons and Langmuir constants – case studies on methylene blue and congo red adsorption
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Fadina Amran, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Congo red (CR) was discovered as a first direct dye by Paul Bottinger in 1883 (Linke 2006). The chromophore groups of direct dyes are azo, stibene, oxazine and phthalocyanine. Congo red is an anionic diazo dye which consists of –NH2 and –SO3 functional groups. It exists as brownish-red crystalline solid, stable in air and has high solubility in water. At pH ranging from 2 to 12, the color changes from dark blue to red. Congo red is usually used as pH indicator, and in the diagnosis of amyloidosis and free hydrochloric acid test in gastric contents (Rehman et al.2012). Besides, it is a common dye in textile industry because it has high affinity toward cellulose fiber (Asses et al.2018). However, it is known to be metabolized into benzidine, a human carcinogen and mutagen. Thus, it has been forbidden in many countries (Chattopadhyay 2011). Table 1 summarizes the physicochemical properties of methylene blue and congo red.
Haematohidrosis in a 12-year-old boy: blood, sweat and tears
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
Milan Talwar, Aakash Chandran Chidambaram, Suresh Mekala, Narayanan Parameswaran, C. G. Delhikumar
A 12-year-old boy who was developmentally appropriate for age presented with a 1-year history of bleeding from several sites. He had had many episodes of spontaneous blood-stained tears, epistaxis and bleeding from the ear and mouth lasting for a few minutes. Sometimes blood-stained tears were noted even during sleep. He usually complained of a burning sensation, irritation and redness of the eyes 10–15 minutes before the appearance of blood-stained tears. No symptoms preceded the bleeding from other sites. Over the last 3 months, the frequency of symptoms had increased to at least one episode a week. There had also been one episode of haematuria and haematochezia. All the symptoms occurred after his aunt, to whom he was very much attached, moved out of their home following her marriage 4 months before symptom onset. No personal or familial history of bleeding was reported. On examination, there were no signs of injury, systemic abnormality or trauma (Figure 1). Microscopic examination of the blood-stained tears showed red blood cells and squamous cells. A benzidine test confirmed the presence of blood in his tears and sweat. His other blood analyses are shown in Table 1. His brain and orbit MRI with angiography and temporal bone high-resolution computed tomography were also normal.
Occupational variation in bladder cancer in Nordic males adjusted with approximated smoking prevalence
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Kishor Hadkhale, Jan Ivar Martinsen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kristina Kjærheim, Pär Sparén, Laufey Tryggvadóttir, Elsebeth Lynge, Eero Pukkala
In our study, hairdressers were at elevated risk of bladder cancer. In a meta-analysis by Harlings et al., a summary risk ratio (SRR) of 1.70 (95% CI 1.10–2.88) for bladder cancer was observed among hairdressers [30]. The study also observed an increase in SRR with an increase in the duration of employment, and observed no differences in the estimates of crude and smoking-adjusted risks. Another meta-analysis observed a pooled RR of 1.30 (95% CI 1.20–1.42) for bladder cancer among hairdressers [31]. The excess in this study was restricted to exposures before the ban in 1970 on the carcinogenic aromatic amines used in hair dyes. Hairdressers have historically been exposed to aromatic amines such as benzidine, toluidine and aromatic nitrous compounds, and exposure to these chemical compounds has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer [32]. Long-term exposure of >10 years has been associated with greater risk of bladder cancer [31,33]. A study among Finnish hairdressers showed that there was a marked overall excess risk of cancer until the mid-1970s, but almost no excess after that; this was interpreted as a consequence of a rapid decrease in exposure to carcinogenic agents [34]. Following the ban on carcinogenic substances in the European Union, some recent studies have reported an excess bladder cancer risk, but the risk is due to the use of such banned substances even after legislation, leading to the potential for ongoing exposure [35]. A separate NOCCA study on a period-specific stratified analysis from 1961 to 2005 observed a decreased risk among hairdressers [36].