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Anti-Proliferative Properties of Various South African Buddleja Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoid which are found in a variety of plants and some animals. They occur in plants typically as glycosides, most often bound to glucose. Limited research has been conducted on the biological activity of iridoids isolated specifically from the Buddleja species. However, aucubin and catalpol derived from other plant species have been investigated to some extent. The traditional usage of some Buddleja species to treat liver diseases resulted in a study to determine what the effects would be on liver cells; however, it was reported that aucubin had no protective effects on liver cells, whereas catalpol showed some hepatoprotective activity (Houghton and Hikino, 1989). Another study reported that the effects of aucubin in vivo showed conflicting results, indicating that this compound acted as hepatoprotective in mice; this could indicate the potential biotransformation of aucubin to an active compound due to enzyme systems in the body (Chang, 1998). Catalposide has been indicated to have inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in macrophages; however, there are no further reports of iridoids found in Buddleja species that have similar bioactivity (Oh et al., 2002).
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
The vitamins and minerals also play an important role in improving immunity and overall health status (Table 13.2) (Sagar et al., 2020). Other than mucilage, 5% of fatty oil is present in P. ovata seeds, while acetylcholine-like action is shown by aucubin (Figure 13.3A) and tannins. Aucubin and other chemical constituents show activity against leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. Valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, cystine, lysine, leucine, and tyrosine are amino acids found in the seeds of P. ovata. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid are some of the fatty acids found in psyllium husk. The seeds are rich in starch when the husk is removed. The amount of mucilage is greater in wild species than cultivated ones. The jelly-like mucilage is used for treating patients having constipation. The mucilage is not affected by the gastrointestinal environment. It also absorbs various toxins and prevents them from harming the body (Tewari et al., 2014; Franco et al., 2020).
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — The seeds contain mucilage, fixed oil, and albuminous matter. The presence of a glucoside named aucubin in small quantities is also reported. Atal et al.748 reported that embryo oil of the seeds is a good source of linoleic acid. Patel et al.749 found a number of amino acids in the combined form, viz., valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, cystine, lysine, leucine, and tyrosine. Valine, alanine, and glutamic acid were also found in the free form.
Research progress on the protective effects of aucubin in neurological diseases
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Ping Yang, Qiaoyue Zhang, Hengyan Shen, Xinyu Bai, Ping Liu, Tao Zhang
In modern pharmacology, the activities of EUO against NDs have garnered much attention (Kwon et al. 2011; Fan et al. 2020). The composition of extracted bioactive molecules varies based on the different functional parts (leaves, seeds, bark, and staminate flower) and planting models (Li et al. 2015); nevertheless, the iridoid constituents are always abundant in any extract (Li et al. 2015). Aucubin (AU) (CAS: 479-98-1), also known as eucommia glucoside, is a representative component of iridoids of EUO with neuroprotective properties, has a molecular formula of C15H22O9, a relative molecular mass of 346.331, and the chemical name β-D-glucopyranose. AU can be extracted from the bark, leaves, fruits, or male flower of EUO; with the content being reported to reach 11.51%, which was more than chlorogenic acid and flavonoids (Zhu and Sun 2018). In addition, it has been noted that the role of AU in protecting against NDs is a promising resource for future treatment (Zhu et al. 2018; Zeng et al. 2020). With intensive research into its role and mechanism(s) of action, the effects of AU against NDs have been gradually discovered and confirmed. AU is the representative active component of EUO of the kidney-tonifying Chinese medicine, and it also has neuroprotective effects. This study summarizes its protective effects on NDs in order to provide references for subsequent research.
Sirtuins as therapeutic targets for improving delayed wound healing in diabetes
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Fathima Beegum, Anuranjana P. V., Krupa Thankam George, Divya K. P., Farmiza Begum, Nandakumar Krishnadas, Rekha R. Shenoy
Different pathways are involved for these natural modulators in diabetes and its complications; however, specifically SIRT 1–FOXO1–c-Myc pathway relates to diabetic wound healing. Formononetin, a natural molecule regulates diabetic nephropathy by SIRT 1/Nrf2 pathway while vitamin K1 regulates hepatic function by SIRT 1/AMPK pathway. Similarly, isoliquiritigenin affects hepatic function in diabetic condition by SIRT 1/MAPK/Nrf2 pathway. On the other hand, aucubin improves diabetic nephropathy through SIRT 1/SIRT 3/FOXO3a pathway. Lipid and glucose metabolism is regulated via SIRT 1/AKT pathway by quercetin. Sitagliptin modulates liver function in diabetes by SIRT 1/AMPKα pathway. Honokiol, another molecule improves diabetic myocardial dysfunction through SIRT 1/Nrf2 pathway. Acetylshikonin, a natural molecule regulates hepatic dysfunction by SIRT 1/MAPK pathway. Resveratrol an important natural modulator of sirtuin improves wound healing in diabetes through SIRT 1–FOXO1–c-Myc pathway (Table 5).
Aucubin slows the development of osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated antioxidation pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Yongfeng Zhang, Xin Liu, Yangyang Li, Minkai Song, Yutong Li, Anhui Yang, Yaqin Zhang, Di Wang, Min Hu
The perennial woody plant Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Eucommiaceae), which is found in China (mainly in the provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan) and in the United States, Japan, and some European countries (Wang et al. 2020), is valued as a rich source of polysaccharides, hemicellulose, lignin, and fatty acids and has been reported exhibit various pharmacological (e.g., antibacterial, antioxidant, immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory) effects (Yan et al. 2018). Extracts of the cortices or leaves of E. ulmoides can regulate OP caused by ovariectomy (Zhang et al. 2009; 2012). Aucubin (AU) (structure in Figure S1), an iridoid glycoside present in all parts of E. ulmoides, and also found in Rehmannia glutinosa Gaertner (Orobanchaceae) and plantain [Musa paradisiacae Linn (Plantaginaceae)], has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects (Shen et al. 2019). Our research group has demonstrated that AU slows the development of OP by promoting osteoblast differentiation in MG63 cells and in mice with dexamethasone (Dex)-induced OP (Li et al. 2018, 2020). However, the effects of AU on the osteoclast differentiation have not been systematically explored in cells or in OP mice.