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Toxicokinetics of Nerve Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Marcel J. van der Schans, Hendrik P. Benschop, Christopher E. Whalley
Some experiments described in this chapter refer to the analysis of regenerated sarin from regenerable binding sites. In that case, aluminum sulfate is not added to the sample. On the contrary, the regeneration of sarin is accelerated by the addition of a high concentration (250 mM final concentration) of fluoride ions (Polhuijs et al., 1997). The regenerated sarin is also extracted into ethyl acetate by solid phase extraction. Next, the sample is analyzed without the use of a chiral column: regeneration with a high concentration of fluoride ions occurs with rapid racemization of the organophosphofluoridate, which means that a chiral analysis is redundant.
Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Howard H. Feldman, Atlas of Alzheimer's Disease, 2007
Claudia Jacova, Benita Mudge, Michael Woodward
Aluminum has been an AD risk factor of interest since the 1960s. Though it is clearly recognized to be neurotoxic, there has been no sustained and converging evidence that it is causative of AD or associated with significantly increased AD risk.65 In a notorious industrial incident described in Figure 6.14, subjects exposed to aluminum sulfate did develop disturbances in cerebral function in the short term, but have not been found to have an increased risk of AD.
Drugs in Gastrointestinal Disorders in Developing Infants
Published in Sam Kacew, Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics, 1990
The environment also contributes to the body burden of aluminum in infants. In municipal water supplies, aluminum sulfate or alum is added as a flocculating agent in the process of water purification.165 Clearly, in the preparation of dialysate, the use of municipal drinking water would contain aluminum. Hence, tap water would be considered as an environmental source of aluminum167 with far-reaching implications in pediatric toxicity as exposure is not intentional. Indeed, McDermott et al.185 suggested that aluminum-induced encephalopathy was related to the presence of this metal in the dialysate originating from the municipal water supply, as this syndrome did not occur in patients dialyzed with noncontaminated water. This observation is supported by the findings that individuals living in an area in Guam, where the aluminum content in soil and water was found to be high, developed a neuropathological syndrome resembling Parkinson’s disease.222,223 It is of interest that the concentration of aluminum was elevated in the hippocampus of these Parkinsonian-like patients.
Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Je-Oh Lim, Tae-Yang Jung, Se-Jin Lee, So-Won Park, Woong-Il Kim, Sung-Hyeuk Park, Je-Hein Kim, Jeong-Doo Heo, Yong-Bum Kim, In-Sik Shin, Jong-Choon Kim
Aluminum and its compounds are major constituents of the Earth’s crust, comprising approximately 8% of the minerals found on the Earth’s surface (ATSDR 2008, Willhite et al. 2014). Aluminum is light in weight and is durable because the surfaces of products made from this element are oxidized to form a thin protective coating of aluminum oxide. Aluminum metal and its alloys are used extensively in construction, transportation, packaging, and electrical equipment. Several chemical compounds containing aluminum are extensively used in various products and processes associated with human activities. These compounds are aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, and aluminum silicate (Igbokwe et al. 2019). Owing to the increased production and widespread use of aluminum and its compounds, human exposure to aluminum products has steadily increased, which may result in adverse health effects. Aluminum has not been classified with respect to carcinogenicity; however, ‘aluminum production’ has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group I) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRIS 1999, ATSDR 2008).
New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
It is obtained from chicken eggs in bulk amount and cheaper that causes vigorous, allergic bronchial inflammation and AHR in laboratory animals. Potassium aluminum sulfate (alum) is commonly used as an adjuvant along with OVA [34]. Variety of sensitization procedures have been used for the induction of acute or chronic asthma models [35]. For asthma induction, animals are sensitized by first exposure to allergens. Sensitized animals are then again challenged with subsequent exposure to allergen by various routes like dermal, inhalation, or intranasal administration. The time of exposure (days or weeks), volume, or concentrations of allergens might be different in different asthma models. Frequent systemic administration of allergen with adjuvant like aluminum hydroxide is needed in acute sensitization asthma model for the development of Th2 immune response [36].
Hematological and immunological impairment following in-utero and postnatal exposure to aluminum sulfate in female offspring of albino rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Aluminum constitutes the most abundant element in the earth's crust; approximately composing 8% of its weight [1]. It is present in the environment in many chemical forms, including aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminosilicates, and aluminum fluoride [2]. Nowadays, aluminum is widely utilized and its compounds in many modern industrial fields, such as water sanitization, cooking substances, and pharmaceuticals, in addition to some vaccines as an adjuvant [3]. Exposure to aluminum occurs mainly via food and to less extent water; high concentrations of aluminum are also introduced in unprocessed foods (bread, cakes, biscuits, and some vegetables), and food contact materials like utensils and aluminum foils. Globally, many aluminum-containing food additives were permitted to be used in some foodstuffs as sweeteners and colorants, of these aluminum sulfates (E520–523) [4]. Aluminum consumption in children varies depending on daily dietary habits, but generally, intake in children tends to exceed the reference values (2 mg/kg bw/week) established by EFSA (The European Food Safety Authority) [5]and JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee) in 2011 [6]. Noteworthy, EFSA (2013) [7] has estimated the exposure to aluminum from five permitted food additives in European population groups including toddlers and children. Mean Al values ranged from 18.6 to 156.2 mg/kg bw/week and from 35.3 to 286.8 mg/kg bw/week at the 95th percentile. Both values from all assessed additives largely exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly reference value mentioned earlier.