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Toxicokinetics of Nerve Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Marcel J. van der Schans, Hendrik P. Benschop, Christopher E. Whalley
Some experiments described in this chapter refer to the analysis of regenerated sarin from regenerable binding sites. In that case, aluminum sulfate is not added to the sample. On the contrary, the regeneration of sarin is accelerated by the addition of a high concentration (250 mM final concentration) of fluoride ions (Polhuijs et al., 1997). The regenerated sarin is also extracted into ethyl acetate by solid phase extraction. Next, the sample is analyzed without the use of a chiral column: regeneration with a high concentration of fluoride ions occurs with rapid racemization of the organophosphofluoridate, which means that a chiral analysis is redundant.
Our strained relations with environmental agents
Published in Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt, Bills of Health, 2018
Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt
This line of official reasoning was repeated in the case of the Camelford disaster, known officially as the Lowermoor incident. On 6 July 1988, 20 tonnes of concentrated aluminium sulphate solution were discharged into the treated water reservoir at Lowermoor, Cornwall, which serves the town of Camelford. Local residents and holidaymakers who drank the water experienced a variety of acute effects, and a lesser number also remained ill for a long time thereafter. Six months later a committee was set up under Dame Barbara Clayton to provide independent expert advice to the Secretary of State for Health.3 The group noted that this incident was unique in the history of pollution; there was no previous experience of humans taking in this particular cocktail of ionic lead, zinc, copper, aluminium and sulphate. They also noted that the symptoms of the people were also unique. They had wide-ranging problems: sore/dry mouth, fatigue, malaise, stomach aches, extreme thirst, nausea and vomiting, itching, sore eyes and mouth ulcers. The persistent effects noted by the group were aches and joint pains, memory loss, poor concentration, speech problems, depression and behavioural problems in children, hypersensitivity, rashes and mouth ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders. These symptoms do not fit into any recognized diagnostic category. So the observation is a unique toxic assault, and a unique resultant syndrome.
Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Howard H. Feldman, Atlas of Alzheimer's Disease, 2007
Claudia Jacova, Benita Mudge, Michael Woodward
Aluminum has been an AD risk factor of interest since the 1960s. Though it is clearly recognized to be neurotoxic, there has been no sustained and converging evidence that it is causative of AD or associated with significantly increased AD risk.65 In a notorious industrial incident described in Figure 6.14, subjects exposed to aluminum sulfate did develop disturbances in cerebral function in the short term, but have not been found to have an increased risk of AD.
Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Je-Oh Lim, Tae-Yang Jung, Se-Jin Lee, So-Won Park, Woong-Il Kim, Sung-Hyeuk Park, Je-Hein Kim, Jeong-Doo Heo, Yong-Bum Kim, In-Sik Shin, Jong-Choon Kim
Aluminum and its compounds are major constituents of the Earth’s crust, comprising approximately 8% of the minerals found on the Earth’s surface (ATSDR 2008, Willhite et al. 2014). Aluminum is light in weight and is durable because the surfaces of products made from this element are oxidized to form a thin protective coating of aluminum oxide. Aluminum metal and its alloys are used extensively in construction, transportation, packaging, and electrical equipment. Several chemical compounds containing aluminum are extensively used in various products and processes associated with human activities. These compounds are aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, and aluminum silicate (Igbokwe et al. 2019). Owing to the increased production and widespread use of aluminum and its compounds, human exposure to aluminum products has steadily increased, which may result in adverse health effects. Aluminum has not been classified with respect to carcinogenicity; however, ‘aluminum production’ has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group I) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRIS 1999, ATSDR 2008).
New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
It is obtained from chicken eggs in bulk amount and cheaper that causes vigorous, allergic bronchial inflammation and AHR in laboratory animals. Potassium aluminum sulfate (alum) is commonly used as an adjuvant along with OVA [34]. Variety of sensitization procedures have been used for the induction of acute or chronic asthma models [35]. For asthma induction, animals are sensitized by first exposure to allergens. Sensitized animals are then again challenged with subsequent exposure to allergen by various routes like dermal, inhalation, or intranasal administration. The time of exposure (days or weeks), volume, or concentrations of allergens might be different in different asthma models. Frequent systemic administration of allergen with adjuvant like aluminum hydroxide is needed in acute sensitization asthma model for the development of Th2 immune response [36].
Hematological and immunological impairment following in-utero and postnatal exposure to aluminum sulfate in female offspring of albino rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Aluminum constitutes the most abundant element in the earth's crust; approximately composing 8% of its weight [1]. It is present in the environment in many chemical forms, including aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminosilicates, and aluminum fluoride [2]. Nowadays, aluminum is widely utilized and its compounds in many modern industrial fields, such as water sanitization, cooking substances, and pharmaceuticals, in addition to some vaccines as an adjuvant [3]. Exposure to aluminum occurs mainly via food and to less extent water; high concentrations of aluminum are also introduced in unprocessed foods (bread, cakes, biscuits, and some vegetables), and food contact materials like utensils and aluminum foils. Globally, many aluminum-containing food additives were permitted to be used in some foodstuffs as sweeteners and colorants, of these aluminum sulfates (E520–523) [4]. Aluminum consumption in children varies depending on daily dietary habits, but generally, intake in children tends to exceed the reference values (2 mg/kg bw/week) established by EFSA (The European Food Safety Authority) [5]and JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee) in 2011 [6]. Noteworthy, EFSA (2013) [7] has estimated the exposure to aluminum from five permitted food additives in European population groups including toddlers and children. Mean Al values ranged from 18.6 to 156.2 mg/kg bw/week and from 35.3 to 286.8 mg/kg bw/week at the 95th percentile. Both values from all assessed additives largely exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly reference value mentioned earlier.