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Proflavine
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A 53-year-old man complained of swelling and numbness of both lips 12 hours after a dental extraction. Local anesthetics had been used and the mouth had been rinsed with 0.1% acriflavine solution (which is an antiseptic mixture containing 50% proflavine). The patient had used proflavine ointment 2 years before for an open wound and had developed a rash around the wound. Patch tests showed a positive reaction to proflavine 0.5% pet. Acriflavine (0.1% aqueous solution) was then painted on the lips. The patient had subjective numbness of the lips after 16 hours but no discernible edema. Provocation with oral acriflavine rinse (0.1% aqueous solution) evoked small blisters at the vermilion border of the lips, together with gross edema of the lips after 12 hours. The patient had, according to the authors, allergic contact dermatitis from proflavine. This may well be, but the acriflavine itself and the non-proflavine component of acriflavine were not patch tested (4).
Lipopolysaccharide and the Permeability of the Bacterial Outer Membrane
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Even though the intact OM with no genetic defects in LPS deep core and lipid A synthesis plays the key role in the resistance of enteric bacteria to hydrophobic inhibitors, it can ultimately only retard the diffusion of those drugs through the OM. Bacteria additionally need energy-dependent mechanisms to pump hydrophobic solutes, diffused into the cytoplasm, out from the cell. Such efflux mechanisms have recently been a subject of intensive research. The AcrAB and EmrAB efflux systems have been discovered and characterized (45–48). The acrA mutants were reported in 1968 as supersusceptible to acriflavine and thereafter intensively studied, but the underlying defect in them was only identified 25 years later. It is probable that also some other previously partially characterized, antibiotic supersusceptible enterobacterial mutants such as the SSB mutant of S. typhimurium (49) will eventually prove to be efflux mutants.
Antiseptics, antibiotics and chemotherapy
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Mercury was found not to be helpful. In the male, urethral lavage and passage of medicated urethral sounds were used to relieve the accompanying urethral strictures. In the female, vaginal irrigation of acriflavine, astringents, lime water, mercurochrome and potassium permanganate were prescribed. Vaccine therapy was introduced at the time of the First World War and was particularly used in women. No effective cure for gonorrhea was found until 1937 when the sulfonamides were introduced. Sulfonamide resistance soon occurred but penicillin, to which the organism was sensitive, became available in 1943.
Polycaprolactone based pharmaceutical nanoemulsion loaded with acriflavine: optimization and in vivo burn wound healing activity
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Touseef Nawaz, Muhammad Iqbal, Barkat Ali Khan, Naveed Ahmed, Asif Nawaz, Akhtar Rasul, Waleed Y. Rizg, Abdulmajeed M. Jali, Rayan A. Ahmed, Awaji Y. Safhi
Acriflavine has many pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, topical antiseptic, antiviral, and antifungal properties. It is also active against Escherichia coli (Hirota & Iijima, 1957; Das et al., 2017), drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Mitsuhashi et al., 1963), and Helicobacter pylori (Tehlan et al., 2020). It can be used for burn wound healing (Asuquo et al., 2009). Polycaprolactone (PCL) is biodegradable polyester having good hydrophobicity with a glass transition temperature of −60 °C and it melts at 59–64 °C. PCL is available in molecular weights between 3000 and 90,000 g/mol and it can be divided into different grades on the basis of molecular weight. As the molecular weight increases the crystallinity of the polymer decreases. Low melting point, good solubility, and blend compatibility give this polymer a unique role in biomedical research (Mohamed & Yusoh, 2015). It is also used in the production of nanoparticles (Alex et al., 2016) and microparticles (Gurler et al., 2019) due to its long-term release rate, biocompatibility, and slow biodegradability.