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Proflavine
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Proflavine is an acridine derivative which has bacteriostatic properties against many gram-positive bacteria. It is (or was) used as topical anti-infective agent, mainly in solutions and wound dressings. In pharmaceutical products, proflavine is employed as proflavine hemisulfate (CAS number 1811-28-5, EC number 217-320-3, molecular formula C26H24N6O4S) (1).
Anterior Resection of the Rectum
Published in P Ronan O’Connell, Robert D Madoff, Stanley M Goldberg, Michael J Solomon, Norman S Williams, Operative Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus Operative Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus, 2015
Following mobilization, the rectum, with its surrounding mesorectum, remains attached to the pelvic floor by the anorectal muscle tube. It is the author’s practice to now occlude the muscular tube below the tumor and a useful technique, particularly for low rectal cancer, is to use a 45 or 30 mm linear stapler.5 The rectal tumor is palpated between finger and thumb and the linear stapler applied distally and fired Figure 6.1.11. A proctoscope is then introduced into the anal canal and the lumen below the staple line should be irrigated with repeated infusions using a 50 mL syringe or through a catheter irrigation system. Sterile water, povidone iodine, or dilute proflavine solutions, are recommended Figure 6.1.12.
Advances in technologies for cervical cancer detection in low-resource settings
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Kathryn A. Kundrod, Chelsey A. Smith, Brady Hunt, Richard A. Schwarz, Kathleen Schmeler, Rebecca Richards-Kortum
The high-resolution microendoscope (HRME) is a fiber-optic fluorescence microscope that can be used to detect cellular and subcellular features in vivo, thereby enabling assessment of suspected precancerous and cancerous cervical tissue. It is used in combination with the fluorescent dye proflavine, which is applied topically. During imaging, the flexible HRME probe is placed in contact with the cervix, enabling the clinician to view the size, shape, and distribution of epithelial cell nuclei in real time. The ability to detect subcellular features in real time with the HRME can help the clinician make a clinical diagnosis, can help guide biopsy site selection, and in some settings where histopathology is unavailable or impractical, can enable see-and-treat strategies. The HRME also provides an opportunity for use by non-specialist providers by generating an automated real-time diagnosis.
Opportunistic free-living amoebal pathogens
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Mohammad Ridwane Mungroo, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Sutherland Maciver, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Despite advances in supportive care against infectious diseases, the mortality rate due to GAE remains alarmingly high and therefore, efforts toward developing repurposed, novel or improved drugs are ongoing [62]. Studies showed that food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, prochlorperazine, a potassium channel blocker, loperamide, another calcium channel blocker, guanabenz, an adrenergic receptor blocker, and digoxin, inhibitor of the transport of potassium and sodium across cell membranes, possess anti-Acanthamoeba spp. activity [17,63,64]. Polyhexamethylene biguanide expressed both amoebicidal and cysticidal activities against Acanthamoeba spp. while exhibiting limited cytotoxicity against the eye surface [65,66], while chlorhexidine also showed both amoebicidal and cysticidal activities against Acanthamoeba spp., by interacting with the surface proteins inducing cellular damage [67]. A study in which the ability of chlorhexidine and polyhexamethylene biguanide to treat AK was compared concluded that the overall outcome was similar for both drugs [68]. Alexidine was shown to exhibit amoebicidal and cysticidal effects at 10 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively [69], acriflavine hydrochloride and proflavine were shown to exhibit amoebicidal activity against Acanthamoeba trophozoites at concentrations of 100 μg/mL and higher [70], while polymyxin B and E expressed an amoebicidal effect in vitro at concentrations of 50 μg/mL [70] and 62.5 μg/mL [71], respectively. Recently, staurosporine, isolated from a strain of Streptomyces sanyensis, was shown to be effective against both trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba spp. by activating programmed cell death via the mitochondrial pathway [72].