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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
There are two important concepts in understanding antibacterial chemotherapy: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): The lowest concentration at which the growth of the organism is inhibited. The concentration of antimicrobials at the site of the infection should exceed the MIC.Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC): The lowest concentration at which the organism is killed. Some antimicrobials are not bactericidal (kill bacteria) but are only bacteriostatic (prevent growth of bacteria but do not kill).
Antimicrobial Agents
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Thomas E. Webb, Karl H. Pang, Ased Ali
Antibiotics are commonly classified into their:Type of action:Bactericidal: work by killing bacteria.Bacteriostatic: work by stopping the bacteria from multiplying.Mechanism of action:Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis.Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.Inhibitors of protein acid synthesis (including anti-metabolites).
Recent Advances in the Utilization of Bioengineered Plant-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Muhammad Akram, Kadiri Oseni, Olerimi Samson E, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Wilson Nwankwo, Hina Anwar, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Akinola Samson Olayinka
The small size of nanomaterials of 10–100 nm and large surface area contribute to its unique biological, physical and chemical properties (WHO, 2010; Jain and Pradeep, 2005). Silver nanoparticles, for instance, have been reported to receive substantial attention in pharmacological and medical research because of their action against microbial activity against drug-resistant and drug-sensitive bacteria and bacteriostatic effect. Bactericidal effect is preferred to bacteriostatic effect because it provides quicker relief from infection and displays little incidence of drug resistance. Likewise, there have been reported action of silver nanoparticles against hepatitis B and the HIV-1, though there are no reports of this nanoparticle against drug resistance and Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis so far (Elechiguerra et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2008).
Systematic review on activity of liposomal encapsulated antioxidant, antibiotics, and antiviral agents
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Reshna K. R, Preetha Balakrishnan, Sreerag Gopi
Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents which are powerful weapon against bacterial diseases. The synthetic antimicrobial and biological products of non-microbial origin having antagonistic effects on bacteria. Some antibiotics are able to completely kill other bacteria, they are called bactericidal. While others inhibiting bacterial growth are termed as bacteriostatic. There are several ways of classification of antibiotics, based on their mode of action and spectrum of activity. Broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics are two classifications according to their spectrum activity. In broad spectrum antibiotics, it will kill or inhibit a broad group of bacteria. For example, antibiotics targeting Gram-negative bacteria. In narrow spectrum antibiotics, it will kill or inhibit the limited species of bacteria (Salem et al.2005).
Impact of chronic medications in the perioperative period: mechanisms of action and adverse drug effects (Part I)
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Ofelia Loani Elvir-Lazo, Paul F White, Hillenn Cruz Eng, Firuz Yumul, Raissa Chua, Roya Yumul
Bacteriostatic antibiotics usually function by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis pathways. Common bacteriostatic antibiotic classes include tetracyclines that work by reversibly inhibiting 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit, macrolides that inhibit the larger 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and lincosamides (e.g. clindamycin) also inhibit the 50S bacterial subunit but at a different site than the macrolides. Another class of bacteriostatic antibiotics, the oxazolidinones (e.g. linezolid), inhibits the formation of the initiation complex of the 50S ribosome, ultimately preventing the formation of bacterial ribosomes rather than preventing protein synthesis. Lastly, sulfonamides (e.g. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) inhibit bacterial synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, preventing the processing of folic acid and its derivatives in bacteria [48–52].
Bacterial death from treatment with fluoroquinolones and other lethal stressors
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Antimicrobial agents have two general activities: they block pathogen growth and, in many cases, they also kill pathogens. For curing most common infections, bacteriostatic antimicrobials are considered as effective as lethal ones [1], largely because host defense systems clear pathogens when their growth is blocked. Lethal activity is often viewed as unnecessary for cure, except with immune-suppressed patients and with a few serious diseases involving immune-privileged sites. Indeed, inhibition of growth, not killing, is the accepted measure of antimicrobial activity [2]. However, simply curing most infections is inadequate from a public health perspective, because the approach has been accompanied by widespread antimicrobial resistance. Part of the reason is that antimicrobial concentrations sufficient to cure often enrich resistant mutant subpopulations [3,4]. Although mutant subpopulations may be small and infections are usually cleared, antimicrobial consumption is so large that expansion of resistant subpopulations is significant, especially after resistance genes enter mobile elements. Moreover, some antimicrobials, such as the quinolones, are themselves mutagenic [5,6], thereby creating resistant subpopulations. Managing antimicrobial use in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance requires rapid killing of pathogens to suppress the emergence of resistance and clear infections. Antimicrobial management can also involve limiting lethal action, particularly to preserve the gut microbiome during antimicrobial treatment. Thus, knowledge of the death process is central to manipulating bacterial populations.