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Analytical Chemistry of Rubins
Published in Karel P. M. Heirwegh, Stanley B. Brown, Bilirubin, 1982
Karel P. M. Heirwegh, Stanley B. Brown
Sodium azide, which effectively destroys the diazonium salt reagent70 should not be used as a preservative for reagents or biological specimens involved in diazo assays.76 Ascorbic acid interferes similarly.75
The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide ameliorates azide toxicity in cells, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
John Tat, Stephen C. Chang, Cole D. Link, Suelen Razo-Lopez, Michael J. Ingerto, Behdod Katebian, Adriano Chan, Hema Kalyanaraman, Renate B. Pilz, Gerry R. Boss
The azide (N3-) anion is available in a variety of forms, most commonly as sodium azide (NaN3). Azide is used in several industries with over 1000 tons of NaN3 produced annually [1]. Azide is highly toxic, with the human lethal dose of sodium azide estimated to be ∼700 mg or ∼10 mg/kg [2]. Fortunately, azide poisoning is rare with 156 reported cases worldwide between the years 2000 and 2020 [3]. However, this infrequency may prove detrimental in a mass casualties event, such as an industrial incident or terrorist attack, as most medical personnel will not have encountered an azide-poisoned patient and therefore not be well-informed about azide toxicity and treatment options. A major terrorist attack is possible, since azide may be purchased through online retailers, and it has been used in several planned and executed attacks [4–9]. On several occasions, azide was used to poison communal beverages, leading to high casualties and highlighting the potential of azide as a terrorist weapon [10–14]. Moreover, azide is a common suicidal agent, especially among laboratory workers, likely due to its common presence in research laboratories [2,3,15].
3D-printed implantable devices with biodegradable rate-controlling membrane for sustained delivery of hydrophobic drugs
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Camila J. Picco, Juan Domínguez-Robles, Emilia Utomo, Alejandro J. Paredes, Fabiana Volpe-Zanutto, Dessislava Malinova, Ryan F. Donnelly, Eneko Larrañeta
The release study was performed for 190 days. Implants were placed in vials containing 50 mL of PBS (pH: 7.4) at 37 °C and agitated at 40 rpm. The experiment was carried out under sink conditions. Sodium azide was used to prevent the growth of microorganisms in the media. At defined time points, the release media was replaced with fresh one and then, the quantity of OLZ in the media was analyzed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). For this purpose, an Agilent 1100 series system HPLC (Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Stockport, UK) equipped with a Waters X-Select CSH C18 column (3.5 µm pore size, 3.0 × 150 mm) (Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Stockport, UK) was used to quantify OLZ. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (pH 2.3) at a ratio of 60:40. The flow rate was 5 mL/min, injection volume of 10 µL, sample runtime of 5 min and UV detection was at 260 nm.
An evaluation of tocotrienol ethosomes for transdermal delivery using Strat-M® membrane and excised human skin
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Nashiru Billa, Chee-Onn Leong, Andrew P. Morris
The skin permeation experiments were conducted in a similar way as explained for Strat-M® membrane. The diffusion cells were assembled with skin samples where the stratum corneum (SC) layer facing upward and clamped firmly between the donor and the receptor compartments, n = 5. TRF ethosome (equivalent to 1 mg gamma-T3) was taken in the donor phase whereas, the receptor phase contained PBS pH 7.4 with 1% polysorbate 80 and sodium azide (0.02% w/v). Sodium azide was used as an antibacterial agent to prevent microbial growth that likely to arise from the skin on prolonged exposure at 37 °C. The receptor samples were withdrawn at regular intervals and analysed by injecting 10 µL samples to a UHPLC system (Waters, Acquity® ArcTM) equipped with a fluorescence detector (2475 FLR). A reverse-phase column (CORTECS® C18, 2.7 μm, 50 mm length × 4.6 mm diameter), maintained at 25 ± 5 °C was employed for gamma-T3 quantification. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and water (95:05) with a flow rate maintained at 1.0 ml/min. The detector excitation and emission wavelengths were 295 and 330 nm, respectively. Permeation studies were was also carried out using the heat-separated epidermal membrane. The full-thickness human skin was immersed into de-ionised water (60 °C) for 1 min and the epidermal layer was carefully peeled away using forceps. Experiments were conducted similar to that with full-thickness skin with the only exception being that epidermal membrane was used instead of full-thickness skin, n = 5.