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Use of Dermatologics during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Condyloma acuminate (wart-like growths) may proliferate rapidly during pregnancy. Local application of podophyllum (20 percent solution of podophyllin in benzoin) is a frequent therapy in non-pregnant patients. Based upon anecdotal evidence, podophyllin is contraindicated in pregnancy because of the potential for maternal and fetal toxicity. TCA is another local agent for topical use that is not associated with serious maternal or fetal side effects. TCA is not highly effective in the eradication of condyloma, especially during pregnancy. Topical application of 5-fluorouracil is probably not safe because it is an antineoplastic agent, and has known systemic absorption. No human studies of the topical TCA administration of this agent during pregnancy are published.
Chemotherapy in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy in pregnancy has been reported for a number of different tumor types. While most of these studies have a limited number of patients, the data would suggest that many of these agents are quite safe in pregnancy, particularly in the second and third trimesters. In breast cancer, the use of a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide was found to be without complication to the fetus or infant when given in the second or third trimester (12). Taxanes have been used to treat patients with breast cancer. However, published studies at this time are limited to a small number of case reports (13,14). Other drugs used to treat breast cancer include vinorelbine, capecitabine, gemcitabine, trastuzumab, and tamoxifen, many of which are discussed subsequently.
Antimetabolites
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (Figure 3.11), a fluoropyrimidine approved in 1962, is administered by intravenous injection or infusion, or by intra-arterial infusion, for the treatment of some solid tumors, including gastrointestinal tract and breast cancers, and in combination with folinic acid for advanced colorectal cancer. Oral administration has been tried but found to be unpredictable. It is also used topically for the treatment of superficial malignant and premalignant skin lesions, where a 5% cream (i.e., EfudexTM) is highly effective.
Colon targeted dosage form of Capecitabine using folic acid anchored modified carbon nanotube: in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis and in vivo roentgenographic study
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Dheeraj S. Randive, Akshata S. Gavade, Kiran P. Shejawal, Mangesh A. Bhutkar, Somnath D. Bhinge, Namdeo R. Jadhav
Prodrug is a bio-reversible derivative of drug molecule that undergoes an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active functional drug molecule, which is then available to exert its remedial or in vivo effect. It may overcome the drawbacks associated with pharmacologically potent drugs, such as high toxicity and low bioavailability. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent against breast tumors, colorectal cancer, and a range of other solid tumors for many years. However, because of its erratic oral bioavailability, toxic side effects on bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract, there was a need to develop its prodrug [4–7]. Capecitabine has been developed to overcome some of the drawbacks of 5-FU. It is a prodrug of 5-FU, which is orally administered and subsequent fast absorption, renovates to the functionally active form (5-FU) in a three-step enzymatic reaction (Carboxylesterase, Cytadine deaminase and Thymidine phosphorylase) in the liver tissues and at the cancerous or tumor site [8–11].
AGAPP: efficacy of first-line cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil with afatinib in inoperable gastric and gastroesophageal junction carcinomas. A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
George Zarkavelis, Epaminontas Samantas, Georgia-Angeliki Koliou, Kyriaki Papadopoulou, Davide Mauri, Gerasimos Aravantinos, Anna Batistatou, Elissavet Pazarli, Dimitrios Tryfonopoulos, Anna Tsipoura, Mattheos Bobos, Amanda Psyrri, Thomas Makatsoris, Constantina Petraki, Dimitrios Pectasides, George Fountzilas, George Pentheroudakis
The modified regimen of cisplatin, 5FU and afatinib (mCisFU-A) was administered every 21 days. Cisplatin was administered at 75 mg/m2 diluted in 1 liter of normal saline solution (0.9% N/S) over 60–120 min on day 1, with rigorous saline-based intravenous hydration. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) was infused intravenously over 24 h at a daily dose of 750 mg/m2 for a total of 96 h (days 1–4) every 21 days. Afatinib was administered orally at a daily dosage of 40 mg between 08:00 and 09:00 a.m., at least 1 h before breakfast. Afatinib administration started on day 3 of each therapy cycle, having been preceded by cisplatin infusion on day 1 and 5FU infusion on days 1 and 2. The once-daily oral administration of afatinib continued throughout the week with intervals during weekends (‘Weekday-on – Weekend-off’). Therefore, in each 21-day therapy cycle the administration of afatinib took place once daily on days 3–5 of week 1, days 1–5 of week 2, and days 1–5 of week 3. The total daily dosage of 40 mg was administered independently of the patient’s body surface area. If vomiting occurred after administration, the patient was not given a replacement dose.
Extraction and chemical characterization of novel water-soluble polysaccharides from two palm species and their antioxidant and antitumor activities
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Dawood H. Dawood, Mohamed S. Elmongy, Amr Negm, Mohamed A. Taher
This assay is a quantitative colorimetric method for the determination of cell viability assays using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] MTT assay [38,39]. The HepG2 human liver carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) was used to determine the inhibitory effects of polysaccharides on their cell growth. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) calf serum (Hyclone Laboratories, Ogden, UT), 60 mg/mL penicillin G and 100 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing about 15% (v/v) CO2 in air. After incubation, the cells were treated with different concentration of polysaccharides and incubated for 24 h. After 24 h, 20 µl MTT (5 mg/ml) was added and incubated for 4 h. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the volume of 100 µl is added into each well to dissolve the purple formazan formed. The colorimetric assay is measured and recorded at an absorbance of 570 nm using a plate reader. The relative cell viability in percentage was calculated as (A570 of treated samples/A570 of untreated sample) X 100. 5-fluorouracil was used as a standard anticancer drug for comparison because it is commonly used in adjuvant and palliative cancer chemotherapy. The IC50 values were determined as the concentrations of tested materials, which showed 50% of the absorbance of untreated control cells as estimated from the dose–response curves.