China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Environmental Compliance and Control for Radiopharmaceutical Production
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Ching-Hung Chiu, Ya-Yao Huang, Wen-Yi Chang, Jacek Koziorowski
First, the hot lab including the cyclotron room is generally required to be under pressure compared with the outer world, and such an air pressure regime favours both the microbiological quality of the drug product and the radiation safety of the workers. However, an earlier study [27] showed that individuals are the most common contamination source of cytotoxic agents, and pressure differences of manufacturing (or preparation) environment still cannot control this potential risk. On the other hand, a regular air pressure cascade with only overpressurized rooms is preferable for a GMP-compliant regime with overpressurized and underpressurized rooms. Generally, an acceptable and economically compromised solution between GMP- and radiation-based thinking is that the hot lab is operated at atmospheric pressure appropriately ventilated with HEPA filtered air, with overpressurized airlocks, but the cyclotron room is maintained underpressurized. However, when volatile hazardous radioactive substances are involved in radiopharmaceutical preparation (e.g. radioactive iodine-labelled radiopharmaceuticals), an above air pressure regime may not be applicable [26].
Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Bone marrow suppression is the most problematic side effect associated with melphalan and leads to a decreased white blood cell count with increased risk of infection. The resulting decreased platelet count can also increase the risk of bleeding. As with most cytotoxic agents, other common side effects include GI symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and oral ulceration. Less common side effects include severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis (which scars the lung tissue and can be fatal after prolonged use), hair loss, and skin reactions (e.g., rash and itching). Dosing must be reduced in the case of renal impairment, and melphalan should be avoided in breastfeeding. Contraception should be used in both men and women during treatment.
Drug Analysis of Protein Microspheres: From Pharmaceutical Preparation to In Vivo Fate
Published in Neville Willmott, John Daly, Microspheres and Regional Cancer Therapy, 2020
Jeffrey Cummings, David Watson, John F. Smyth
Daunorubicin (daunomycin, rubidomycin) was the first anthracycline antibiotic to be discovered (in 1963) followed by doxorubicin (adriamycin) (in 1969), and together these two remain the most useful clinically.5 Both drugs are used extensively in combination chemotherapy, with doxorubicin having the wider spectrum of clinical activity. Both exhibit the classic toxicity profiles of cytotoxic drugs: nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal tract toxicity, hair loss, and myelosuppression. In addition, they induce a unique toxicity to the heart, which is related to cumulative dose and peak plasma drug concentrations and is irreversible. Originally, this cardiotoxicity stimulated the drive for new compounds and analog development, but drug resistance, both in the form of the multidrug resistance phenotype6,7 and the atypical (altered topoisomerase II) multidrug resistance phenotype,8 is generally considered the major clinical problem to be overcome by the pharmacologist. Cardiotoxicity can be controlled by altering dose schedules without loss of anticancer activity.9 Because doxorubicin is the more active drug and has been incorporated in microspheres, the following sections will deal exclusively with doxorubicin.
Development and validation of HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of erlotinib and niclosamide from liposomes optimized by screening design
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2023
Amruta Prabhakar Padakanti, Sachin Dattaram Pawar, Pramod Kumar, Naveen Chella
Cancer remains a life-threatening disease, resulting in millions of worldwide deaths (Sung et al. 2021). Current approaches for cancer management include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy (Wang et al. 2019; Wang and Huang 2020). Drug-based therapies such as chemotherapy using cytotoxic agents have been widely used among the available options. However, 90% of clinical failures observed in chemotherapy were due to resistance from chronic administration (Maeda and Khatami 2018). Literature has reported that resistance development can occur through factors like insensitivity to mono-drug therapy, increased drug efflux, genetic mutations, and alteration in cell regulatory pathways (Mansoori et al. 2017). Multi-drug combination therapy is an emerging new strategy to treat complex diseases like cancer (Wang and Huang 2020; Plana et al. 2022). Combination therapy targets cancer cell signaling pathways via a synergistic mechanism that significantly overcomes the resistance and minimizes adverse effects (Bluthgen and Besse 2015). Combination drug therapies are the cornerstone to targeting advanced cancer; these therapies are superior and show more effective responses than conventional monotherapy. Indeed, combining conventional anticancer molecules with repurposed existing drugs provides synergistic activity with numerous advantages, such as reduced research and development cost and minimized drug development timeline (Sun et al. 2016; Mokhtari et al. 2017).
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of anti-cancer drugs: a multifaceted nanoplatform for the enhancement of oral bioavailability
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Eesha Shukla, Divya Dhatri Kara, Tanvi Katikala, Mahalaxmi Rathnanand
Cancer is a non-contagious disease that leads to the uninhibited reproduction of abnormal cells. In the year 2020, WHO reported that cancer caused close to 10 million deaths across the globe. This made it one of the leading illnesses to result in loss of life [1]. A wide variety of treatment options for cancer are available that include Radiation Therapy, Surgery, Hormone Therapy, Photodynamic Therapy, Targeted Therapy, Hyperthermia, Stem Cell Transplant, and Chemotherapy [2]. Drugs used in chemotherapy are broadly classified as cytotoxic, hormonal, and biological agents. Conventional cancer therapy involves cytotoxic agents which terminate cell division by obstructing either DNA or its precursors [3]. The majority of anti-cancer drugs are given through the I.V route as it is direct and does not cause problems such as variable absorption and inadequate bioavailability. This route, however, can be unsafe as it releases a high concentration of drugs in healthy cells [4]. Additionally, it requires visits to hospitals, palliative care, nursing and is troublesome for patients. Long-term delivery via this route has caused infections, hemorrhage, bleeding, and venous thrombosis [5]. Oral therapy proves as a good substitute for IV therapy because of ease of delivery, higher patient compliance, and no requirements of hospital visits or infusion equipment [6].
Intratumoral Pi deprivation benefits chemoembolization therapy via increased accumulation of intracellular doxorubicin
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Yang-Feng Lv, Zhi-Qiang Deng, Qiu-Chen Bi, Jian-Jun Tang, Hong Chen, Chuan-Sheng Xie, Qing-Rong Liang, Yu-Hua Xu, Rong-Guang Luo, Qun Tang
It is difficult to improve therapeutic effects via modification of the administration route and drug pharmacokinetics. Pharmacological studies have indicated that cytotoxic drugs inhibit the replication of DNA after permeating the cancer cell membrane and entering the nucleus. Therefore, intracellular accumulation is a critical requirement to exert chemotherapy-related cytotoxicity in embolization-induced ischemia. Unfortunately, drug resistance is a major hindrance to the treatment of HCC patients. Cancerous liver cells show enhanced expression of proteins that confer drug resistance. Those proteins, including the transmembrane pump, drive out drugs extracellularly, minimizing their cytotoxicity. Moreover, attempting to overcome that resistance with combinations of additional drugs is highly risky for exacerbating the underlying liver disease (Scudellari, 2014; Lohitesh et al., 2018). The comprehensive benefit from TACE is expected to be better than that from TAE as long as the resistance is reversed or overcome since chemotherapy will synergize with embolization to treat HCC.