China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, isobutyl- and isopropyl- esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are the most widely used preservatives in skin care products and cosmetics. There is usually a combination of multiple different parabens in the one formulation. Historically, parabens have developed a poor reputation for causing severe skin allergies. Evidence suggests that the incidence of these reactions is actually very small; however, they may have a high incidence of causing skin irritation such as redness and itching (Jong et al., 2007). Irritation is less likely to occur in intact healthy skin and is generally only a problem is disorders of poor skin barrier function (Soni et al., 2005).
Protecting Pancreatic β-cells from Metabolic Insults
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
There are several observations that support the notion that the fruits of this plant, which are edible, contain insulinotropic agents. Ethyl acetate fraction of unripe fruits of Carissa carandas L. given at a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg to Sprague–Dawley rats in oral glucose tolerance test lowered glycemia from 97 to 82 mg/dL (metformin intraperitoneally at 50 mg/kg: 83 mg/dL) after 120 minutes in oral glucose tolerance tests.343 This fraction given orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats at a single dose oral dose of 400 mg/kg evoked a fall of glycemia by 64.5%, an effect similar to metformin given intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg after 24 hours.343 The plant contains series of triterpenes of which carandinol, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.344 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid administered orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg in oral glucose tolerance test evoked a fall of glycemia by 79.2% and increased liver glycogen content and serum insulin level by 143.1% and 121.9%, respectively (glibenclamide 5 mg/kg: serum glucose decreased by 62.8%, increased the liver glycogen content and serum insulin level to 201.5% and 184.3%).345 Betulinic acid given orally at a dose of 50 mg/L in drinking water to mice poisoned on high-fat diet for 15 weeks reduced weight gain by 10% compared with untreated animals with a reduction on abdominal fat from 887.6 mg/10 g of body weight to 332.6 mg/10 g of body weight.346 Furthermore, this triterpene decreased plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, pized glycemia, and increased plasma insulin.346 Therefore, one could draw an inference that the fruits of Carissa carandas L. lower plasma glucose in rats by inducing insulin secretion by at least 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and betulinic and promoting glucose intake by peripheral tissues via its triterpenes. Clinical trials are warranted.
Preservative Resistance
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
The reported mechanism of antimicrobial mode of action for the parabens is by one of the following: alternating the permeability of the cell membrane (17), inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis (18), and inhibiting other critical enzyme capabilities such as ATPases and phosphotransferases (19). Resistance to the antimicrobial activity of parabens has been reported in the following types of microbial species: Acinetobacter spp. (20), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21), Cladosporium resinae (22), Burkholderia cepacia (23,24), Enterobacter cloacae (25), Enterobacter gergoviae (26), and Escherichia coli (27). From contaminated, non-sterile solutions of methylparaben and propylparaben, two microorganisms had been found to degrade each of these respective parabens. Using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) partial gene sequencing, two paraben-degrading microorganisms were identified as Pseudomonas beteli and Burkholderia latens. Degradation of various concentrations of methylparaben by Pseudomonas beteli followed a logarithmic pattern, but the degradation of propylparaben was found to be linear by B. latens. In addition, it was also observed that Ps. beteli could not degrade propylparaben, while B. latens could degrade both methyl and propylparaben. Absence of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic peaks of expected paraben degradation products indicated that these two microbial isolates were able to use the parabens as a carbon source (28). For parabens-resistant Cladosporium resinae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia cepacia, Valkova et al speculated that an esterase hydrolyzed parabens to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Esterase hydrolysis was confirmed to be the basis for paraben resistance of Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter gergoviae isolates (26,29).
Biological activities of Viscum tuberculatum aqueous leaf extract
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Abraham Yirgu, Yalemtsehay Mekonnen, Amelework Eyado, Alessia Staropoli, Francesco Vinale
The phytochemical analysis of V. tuberculatum revealed 25 metabolites, belonging to different classes of natural compounds, such as flavonoid derivatives, phenolic acids, alkaloids, sugars, indoles, coumarins, lignans, carboxylic acids and polyphenols. Some of these natural products are recognized for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. For instance, quinic acid (Adamczak et al. 2019) and gallic acid (Olmedo-Juarez et al. 2019) are known for their antimicrobial against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and anti-inflammatory activities in previous studies. In this study, they are found to account for 39.41 and 13.11% of the total abundance. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, which accounted for 71.07% of the total abundance in this study, has been reported to antimicrobial and fungicidal activity (Anand et al. 2019). Similarly, metabolites such as (–)-epicatechin (Bettaieb et al. 2016; Araujo et al. 2019), gallic acid (Li et al. 2017) and isorhamnetin (Tian et al. 2021) have exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Epicatechin and isorhamnetin, which were identified in this study accounted for 29.02% and 70.13% of total abundance, respectively. The antioxidant activity of quinic acid (Karaman et al. 2021), catechin and gallic acid (Đorđević et al. 2018) were also reported in previous studies. Additionally, marmesin (which account for 95.85% of total abundance) has been reported for its potent anti-proliferative property (Dong et al. 2018), and trigonelline (that account for 21.07% of total abundance) has antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects (Khalili et al. 2018), respectively.
Comparative cytotoxicity induced by parabens and their halogenated byproducts in human and fish cell lines
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Ashley L. Ball, Megan E. Solan, Marco E. Franco, Ramon Lavado
To provide a knowledge base for future human and wildlife health studies, this study was designed to explore the cytotoxic effects of five parent parabens: MP, ethylparaben (EP), PP, butylparaben (BuP), and BeP, the primary metabolite 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA); and three halogenated paraben byproducts: methyl 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate (CMP), methyl 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzoate (DCMP), and methyl 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate (DBMP) in human and fish cell lines (Figure 1).
Investigation of genotoxic effects of paraben in cultured human lymphocytes
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Devrim Güzel Bayülken, Berrin Ayaz Tüylü, Handan Sinan, Hülya Sivas
Paraben (4-Hydroxybenzoic acid) is supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (CAS No: 99–96-7, Linear Formula: HOC6H4CO2H, Molecular Weight: 138.12 g/mol, purity ≥=99%; Figure 1) was used as the test substance for the in vitro tests. Mitomycin-C (CAS No: 50–07-7), colchicine (CAS No: 64–86-8), cytochalasin B (CAS No: 14930–96-2), and other chemicals were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich.