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Breast-feeding: An International and Historical Review
Published in Frank Falkner, Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide:, 2021
This chapter was prepared in response to an invitation to review “state of the art knowledge of the superiority of breast milk/breast-feeding.” It is intended to serve as a link between others in this book that deal in detail with specific aspects of infant and child feeding. The focus in this chapter is on clinical or epidemiological studies that have compared the effects of different types of feeding methods on infants and very young children. These studies need to be considered carefully, in the light of what we know about human lactation and about nutrition in human infants. The chapter therefore begins with some caveats about how we perceive breast-feeding and its effects – in the context of our biologic evolution; in the context of what we know about the nutrient requirements of the growing infant or young child; in the context of what we know about the immunology of breast milk, as well as the interactions of nutrition and infection; and finally, in the context of the environmental circumstances of the infant and how these interact with the type of feeding.
Breastfeeding and infant sleep – what medical practitioners need to know
Published in Amy Brown, Wendy Jones, A Guide to Supporting Breastfeeding for the Medical Profession, 2019
This is important due to the effect of feed frequency in modulating human lactation physiology, with earlier and more vigorous onset of lactogenesis II (LII, copious milk production) (Salariya et al. 1978; Tennekoon et al. 1994; Riordan 2011). LII is triggered when prolactin levels in maternal plasma reach a threshold accumulated over several days (Neville 2001). As a prolactin surge is experienced with every feed or attempted feed, and as each surge in prolactin declines after 45 minutes, repeated frequent feeding day and night results in circulating blood prolactin rising swiftly, and earlier attainment of the threshold that triggers onset of LII (Neville 2001; Neville and Morton 2001). Contemporary postnatal hospital environments that enforce mother–infant separation at night (even separation via the wall of a hospital bassinet) therefore exert physiological and psychological influences on the behavioural and biological relationship between mother and baby (Ball 2008). These findings support McKenna and Gettler’s (2016) proposal that breastfeeding and co-sleeping form an adaptive and mutually reinforcing behavioural complex that they have termed ‘breastsleeping’.
How does breastfeeding work?
Published in Wendy Jones, Breastfeeding and Medication, 2018
Dr Donna Geddes and Professor Peter Hartmann, at the University of Western Australia’s Human Lactation Research Group, have investigated the structure of the lactating breast using sophisticated ultrasound technology (Ramsay et al. 2005). Descriptions and understanding of the anatomy of the human lactating breast had changed little over the last 160 years since Sir Astley Cooper (Cooper 1840) produced diagrams based on dissections of the breasts of lactating cadavers. He poured hot wax down the milk ducts of the breasts of cadavers before eroding the surrounding skin and tissues, leaving a wax model of the duct system (see Figure 2.1).
Effect of cold cabbage leaf application on breast engorgement and pain in the postpartum period: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
The researchers’ aim was to determine the effect of cold cabbage leaf application on breast engorgement and pain during the postpartum period through a systematic review and meta-analysis. It is expected that the obtained data will contribute to the existing national and international literature, health care practices related to human lactation, and future scientific studies.