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Oral Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Marcia Ramos-e-Silva, José Wilson Accioly Filho, Sueli Carneiro, Nurimar Conceição Fernandes
In addition to preventing caries and removing trauma caused by fractured teeth or unfitted dentures, one of the most important reasons for periodic examination of the mouth in the early detection of precancer, as well as cancer. Clinical diagnosis by the specialist, aided by the 1% toluidine blue technique, which stains the dysplastic and malignant cells, and by biopsy, sometimes requiring immunohistochemical techniques, must be mandatory in all suspected cases.
Prediction of Cervical Cancer Using Machine Learning
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Ashish Kumar, Revant Singh Rai, Mehdi Gheisari
It has been observed that the population prevalence of HPV infection is highest around the age of late teens among young adults. The pre-cancer stage starts at mid-20s, showing low population prevalence, and grows steadily until the age of 30. The cancer stage shows up around 30 years, with a slight increase until the age of 45 [10].
Epithelial Precancerous and Borderline Lesions: Diagnosis and Screening
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
The significance of a diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia (in terms of therapeutic options) will be greatly influenced by the feasibility, acceptability and safety of surgical procedures. This in turn will be influenced by the site of the lesion. Given that modern surgery is relatively safe even for deep-seated lesions, that society is becoming increasingly litigious, and that a diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ inevitably sets alarm bells ringing, there is a very real possibility of overtreatment and hence of subjecting patients to unnecessary risks. It has been pointed out that estimates of risk for pre-cancer have been derived through studies of small numbers of patients by anatomical pathologists with special expertise. Their advice has subsequently been translated into large-scale practice conducted by non-experts that now proceeds with insufficient review of outcomes (Foucar, 1997).
A questionnaire-based survey to assess knowledge and practice of health care workers regarding genital hygiene: from a rural tertiary hospital in India
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
PN Sreeramulu, A Varsha, Abhay K Kattepur, D Aswathappa
In a developing country like India, the burden of cervical cancer is substantial. With 96,922 new cases and 60,078 deaths reported in 2018 [26], the need to adopt primary and secondary preventive measures for disease control is important to reduce the burden and therefore cancer specific mortality. Primary prevention via vaccination of both girls and boys before the onset of sexual activity (pre-teens) seems the way forward, although routine acceptance of vaccination remains controversial as screening processes need to be continued despite vaccination [27]. The common strategies for secondary prevention of pre-cancer are by use of screening methods such as HPV testing/cytology/VIA or VILI [28]. None of the respondents in our study was aware of HPV testing. Only if the HCW is fully aware of the available preventive methods will he/she be able to identify, treat and appropriately refer patients during the pre-cancer stage of the disease, thereby improving outcomes.
Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Cancer is a multi-factorial, complex genetic disorder. The cancer genome accumulates more and more abnormalities/mutations during tumor initiation, progression and metastasis (Bijanzadeh 2017). Though the exact genetic routes responsible for malignant transformation, are still unknown, few key attributes having concordance with cancer initiation and progression have been realized lately (Loaiza and Demaria 2016). The vital molecular characteristics favoring carcinogenesis comprises of abundant proliferative signals, circumvented growth suppressors, abstained apoptosis, abnormal cells with replicative immortality, angiogenesis and vascularization of nascent tumors, and invasion & metastasis (Hanahan and Weinberg 2011). Cancers commonly arise in cellular/tissue microenvironments struggling from chronic built-up of oxidative and inflammatory stresses (Hanahan and Weinberg 2011). Carcinogenesis is preceded by a non-life threatening phase, with reversible pathological attributes and molecular aftermaths, termed as the pre-malignant or potentially malignant or pre-cancerous condition (Ryan and Faupel-Badger 2016); medical interventions executed during precancerous period are less stringent and show higher survival rates than the treatment strategies implemented during the cancerous period or phase of a lesion (Maza et al. 2017). The early stage diagnosis of pre-cancer and cancer lesions is crucial for determining the disease outcome; moreover, majority of cancer cases prove fatal because of diagnosis at higher/more-severe tumor grade and stage (Field and Youngson 2002).
An insight into clinical and laboratory detections for screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Shruthi Padavu, Pooja Aichpure, Ballamoole Krishna Kumar, Anoop Kumar, RadhaKanta Ratho, Shipra Sonkusare, Indrani Karunasagar, Iddya Karunasagar, Praveen Rai
If global levels of screening and treatment are increased, cervical cancer as a public health risk can be eliminated. Because of the limitations of current techniques, a better approach to the early diagnosis of the premalignant condition is in demand. Although HPV can be detected in numerous ways, none of the approaches appears to be 100% specific and sensitive. Incorporating two HPV detection approaches into a single assay might eliminate false-positive and false-negative occurrences. Self-sampling and self-testing technologies or point-of-care tests would be more promising for the early detection of the precancer stage. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests are now used with lateral flow devices for rapidly identifying pathogenic viruses in the biomedical field.