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Current Epidemiological and Clinical Features of COVID-19; a Global Perspective From China
Published in William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham, The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
Huilan Tu, Sheng Tu, Shiqi Gao, Anwen Shao, Jifang Sheng
The first symptoms of COVID-19 are nonspecific. Differential diagnosis should include the possibility of a wide range of infectious (e.g., adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], human meta-pneumovirus [HmPV]) and noninfectious (e.g., vasculitis, dermatomyositis) common respiratory disorders.54 For health care workers, timely differential diagnosis of patients is important for reducing cross-infection and controlling the outbreak.
Ribavirin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Emily Woolnough, Amanda Wade, Joe Sasadeusz
Ribavirin inhibits replication of human meta-pneumovirus (a virus closely related to tRSV) in vitro at concentrations similar to those that inhibit RSV (Wyde et al., 2003). In a mouse model of meta-pneumovirus infection, ribavirin treatment reduced pulmonary virus titers by 5.0 log10 (Hamelin et al., 2006).
Human Metapneumovirus Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Jennifer Elana Schuster, John V. Williams
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV, MPV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family that causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in humans. In 2001, researchers identified a novel virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) of 28 Dutch children with respiratory tract disease.1 Under electron microscopy, the virus had a paramyxovirus-like appearance with filamentous, pleomorphic, and spherical particles. Projection length was approximately 15 nm with a nucleocapsid diameter of 17 nm. Particles varied in size: spherical particles averaged 209 nm and filamentous particles about 282 × 62 nm.2 Based on these images, virologic data, and genome organization, the new virus was classified in the subfamily of Pneumovirinae, which contains the genera Pneumovirus, type species human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), and Metapneumovirus, type species avian metapneumovirus (APV).1
The mechanism and pharmacodynamics of 2-((1H-indol-3-yl)thio/sulfinyl)-N-pheny acetamide derivative as a novel inhibitor against human respiratory syncytial virus
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Ningning Cheng, Nan Jiang, Yuanhui Fu, Zhuxin Xu, Xianglei Peng, Jiemei Yu, Shan Cen, Yucheng Wang, Guoning Zhang, Yanpeng Zheng, Jinsheng He
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and belongs to the Pneumovirus family and the Orthopneumovirus genus1–4. It is 15.2 kb in length and contains 10 genes encoding 11 proteins, NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1, M2-2, and L5–8. RSV is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in nearly all children by 2-year-old globally and it was estimated that there were 3.2 million hospitalised cases and about 60,000 deaths annually9–12. RSV is also an important pathogen of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and adults with immunodeficiency disorders13,14. Unfortunately, there is no safe and effective vaccine licenced against RSV infection. Only ribavirin and palivizumab are the available drugs for the treatment of RSV infection15–18. Yet, being a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, ribavirin is not recommended due to its poor efficacy and side effects. Palivizumab, a costly humanised monoclonal antibody for RSV, can only be used to prevent RSV infection for the young and high-risk children born prematurely, with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease19–21. Therefore, the development of safe and effective anti RSV drugs has important clinical significance22–24.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma: a review of current knowledge
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Researchers have used a number of strategies to dissect pDC function in viral infections, including mutant mice lacking pDC-specific genes such as E2-2, or by using pDC depleting antibodies. One disadvantage of antibody depletion is that target antigen expression may not be restricted to pDC. For example, while the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2) antigen (recognized by the 120G8 antibody) is largely restricted to pDC and plasma cells in naïve healthy mice, BST-2 is induced on multiple cell types in response to IFN-I [101]. Alternatively, BDCA2-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) transgenic mice allow complete, highly selective, and appropriately timed pDC depletion. Lynch and coworkers showed that the transient pDC depletion leads to a significant reduction of IFN-I and IFN-III synthesis and increased viral load following infection with pneumovirus, a mouse-specific pneumovirus in the same genus as RSV. Depletion of pDC resulted in failure to expand functional Tregs. Semaphorin 4A expression on pDC was critical for Treg expansion, protection against severe immunopathology, and susceptibility to subsequent asthma. Interestingly, effective Treg cell expansion and protection against severe bronchiolitis in this model were dependent on both functional pDC and a ‘healthy’ gut microbiome [102].
Airway disease in hematologic malignancies
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Ricardo J José, Burton F. Dickey, Ajay Sheshadri
Respiratory viral infections are a common occurrence in the general population, but more often result in severe disease and poorer outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies [4]. Influenza and the pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [5], and paramyxoviruses, including parainfluenza virus (PIV) [6] and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [7] are well known to cause high mortality in immunocompromised patients with lower respiratory infection. However, even respiratory viruses that are typically considered to cause mild ‘common colds’, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, are associated with more severe outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies [8,9].