China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gene Therapy for Acute Diseases of the Lungs
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
RSV infection is common in infants and children in North America. While overall mortality from RSV infection is low, mortality in children requiring hospitalization is substantial. RSV infection also occurs in adults, may be responsible for exacerbations of chronic lung disease (19), and is a special problem in immunocompromised patients following organ transplant (20). There is no effective prevention or treatment of RSV infection.
Severe Non-influenza Viral Pneumonia in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
David Waldner, Thomas J. Marrie, Wendy Sligl
Acute respiratory infection from RSV typically presents as a self-limited illness in healthy adults; however, in those with underlying comorbidities, severe viral pneumonia as well as acute exacerbation of underlying asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiac disease can occur [13,14]. The RSV typically causes community-acquired illness, with viral loads peaking early and paralleling symptom severity [17]. Illness typically presents with non-specific upper respiratory tract symptoms. These symptoms include rhinorrhea and cough, as well as wheeze, which appears to be more prevalent in RSV infection compared with other respiratory viruses [18]. Interestingly, in contrast to other respiratory viral infections (including influenza), fever is frequently absent, and infection tends to progress more slowly [13].
Neonatal Pneumonia
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a significant cause of pulmonary morbidity in older children, has a spectrum of clinical manifestations in infants less than 1 month of age. The infection may be clinically inapparent or cause a febrile upper respiratory syndrome or bronchiolitis and/or pneumonia requiring ventilatory support. The most severe RSV infections occur in infants with chronic pulmonary disease due to hyaline membrane disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or chronic cardiac disease. RSV infections usually occur in the winter months. The role of maternal antibody against RSV is unknown because data from several studies conflict.58-60 Both high maternal antibody and low maternal antibody have been associated with a high mortality rate. Nursery outbreaks have occurred.61-64 The signs of RSV infection are usually coryza, cough, and a clear nasal discharge. About one third of infected infants have fever. Pulmonary disease, including bronchiolitis and wheezing, seldom occurs before 3 weeks of age. Mortality is highest in the premature infant older than 1 month. The virus is usually transmitted to those infants by hospital personnel who acquired it in the community. RSV in secretions can remain viable for several hours and may be transmitted on skin or inanimate objects.
Economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: a systematic literature review
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Mei Grace, Ann Colosia, Sorrel Wolowacz, Catherine Panozzo, Parinaz Ghaswalla
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a seasonal virus that commonly affects infants and children, but the virus poses a risk for severe disease in adults as well1,2. Most people experience an RSV infection as an infant or young child and have some immunity to further exposures during their lifespan, but the immunity from childhood exposure does not provide complete or sustained immunity3. In older adults, changes in the immune system and lung function regarding clearance of microbes lead to an inflammatory state that impairs responses to infection and prolongs inflammation after an infection has cleared4. Therefore, older adults in the general population or in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are susceptible to severe RSV infection1. In addition, adults with comorbidities such as chronic heart or lung disease, functional disability, frailty, and compromised immune systems are susceptible to severe RSV disease and are more likely to require hospitalization than healthy older adults1,2,5–9. After older adult patients are diagnosed with RSV infection, their return to pre-RSV respiratory functioning and ability to perform activities of daily living may take several months10. Additionally, at hospital discharge, a substantial proportion of older adults or adults with comorbidities require discharge to a skilled nursing facility, rehabilitation facility, or assisted living facility not needed before RSV infection11–14.
Evolution of proteomics technologies for understanding respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
The goal of this review is to examine the contribution of mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies to the study of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and to describe new methods and technologies in this field which could be applied to improve our understanding of this pathogen and its host response. RSV is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus that circulates seasonally worldwide. Most often, RSV causes mild, cold-like symptoms, but in the very old and very young, the virus spreads into the lower airways, causing bronchiolitis or pneumonia. Worldwide, RSV was associated with 33.1 million episodes of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), 3.2 million RSV-related hospital admissions, and 118,000 deaths in children less than 5 years of age, predominantly in developing countries [1]. Consequently, RSV infection is responsible for the majority of pediatric hospitalizations of young children [21].
Challenges in the prevention or treatment of RSV with emerging new agents in children from low- and middle-income countries
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Xavier Carbonell-Estrany, Barry S Rodgers-Gray, Bosco Paes
Any assessment of the true burden of RSV should also include quantification of those patients receiving medical care in the ER and in the community. RSV infection covers a broad range of clinical manifestations, from a mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe pneumonia or bronchiolitis if infection spreads to the lower airways, which occurs in 20–30% of cases [28,53]. In LMICs, it has been estimated that there are approximately 30.5 million cases of acute RSV LRTI annually, with <9% (2.6 million) of these children admitted to hospital because of their symptoms [3]. To put the scale of this burden into perspective, this compares with 2.5 million cases and a 14% (344,000) hospitalization rate in HICs [3]. In the same study, it was also reported that 20% of RSV cases (covering HICs and LMICs) recorded in the community were severe (had lower chest wall in-drawing) [3], which suggests that at least 50% of children with severe RSV LRTI do not have access to inpatient hospital care in LMICs. It might also be expected that RSV outbreaks are more ubiquitous in crowded urban areas, but a cross-sectional cohort study from Indonesia reported a significantly higher incidence of RSV LRTI in rural areas (38.54 vs 57.25 per 1,000 child-years, respectively; p < 0.05) [54]. Hence, this assumption might not necessarily be true in all cases and should be taken in the context of perhaps more limited access to hospital care in rural areas.