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In Vivo Study of Anti-Influenza Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Ludmila Puchkova, Mohammad Al Farroukh, Ekaterina Ilyechova, Irina Kiseleva
In contrast, eukaryotic viruses of the families Orthomyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae, containing a membrane envelope, are highly sensitive to AgNP. Treatment of viruses with AgNP reduces their infectivity in vitro and in vivo (Xiang et al. 2011; Fatima et al. 2016; Park et al. 2018; Morris et al. 2019). This is since, upon direct contact of the IAV with AgNP, the structure of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase is disrupted by 80% and 20%, respectively. Dramatic disturbances in hemagglutinin prevent the virus from entering cells in vitro and in vivo. Another group of studies shows that AgNP-treated mice have increased resistance to influenza infection (Xiang et al. 2013; Kiseleva et al. 2020a). It is difficult to assume that intraperitoneally injected AgNP can enter the upper respiratory tract and directly contact the IAV in the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it can be thought that the resistance of AgNP-treated mice to influenza infection is a consequence of the effect of AgNP on the mice. The mechanism of the antiviral activity of AgNP remains unexplored. There is also little information about how AgNP affects mammals. The issue under discussion is closely related to the problem of toxicity of AgNP to mammals and humans.
Order Mononegavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The Pneumoviridae family consists of 2 genera with 5 species. This taxon formerly was a subfamily within the Paramyxoviridae but was reclassified as a family in 2016 (Rima et al. 2017). Members of genus Orthopneumovirus infect mammals, while members of Metapneumovirus are specific for mammals or birds. Some viruses are specific and pathogenic for humans such as hRSV of the Orthopneumovirus genus and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) of the Metapneumovirus genus. The hRSV and HMPV remain among the leading causes of childhood hospitalization and a major health burden worldwide. There are no known vectors for pneumoviruses, and transmission is thought to be primarily by aerosol droplets and contact (Rima et al. 2017).
Human Metapneumovirus Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Jennifer Elana Schuster, John V. Williams
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV, MPV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family that causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in humans. In 2001, researchers identified a novel virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) of 28 Dutch children with respiratory tract disease.1 Under electron microscopy, the virus had a paramyxovirus-like appearance with filamentous, pleomorphic, and spherical particles. Projection length was approximately 15 nm with a nucleocapsid diameter of 17 nm. Particles varied in size: spherical particles averaged 209 nm and filamentous particles about 282 × 62 nm.2 Based on these images, virologic data, and genome organization, the new virus was classified in the subfamily of Pneumovirinae, which contains the genera Pneumovirus, type species human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), and Metapneumovirus, type species avian metapneumovirus (APV).1
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a large, negative-sense single stranded RNA envelope virus that belongs to family Pneumoviridae. RSV infection is the major cause of paediatric bronchitis, and leads to exacerbation of chronic inflammatory lung diseases that are associated with high morbidity and mortality rate. Previous studies have revealed that EGFR signalling mediates RSV-induced immunomodulation in lung epithelial cells (Piedimonte and Perez 2014). Monick et al. (2005) have reported that RSV infection activate EGFR/ERK signalling through the release of amphiregulin which is proteolytically cleaved by MMPs. Activated EGFR signalling promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines, IL-8. In addition, activated EGFR alters the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins (increased anti-apoptotic BclxL and decreased pro-apoptotic BimEL). This alteration delays the apoptosis in RSV-infected cells and contributes to inflammation. Treatments of AG1478, neutralising antibody and siRNA abolish the RSV-induced release of IL-8 and delayed apoptosis (Monick et al. 2005). On the other hand, it was reported that RSV exploits EGFR signalling to suppress the antiviral defences in AECs. RSV activates EGFR signalling through its surface glycoprotein, F protein. EGFR signalling was shown to suppress production of IFN-λ in a IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) dependent manner. Inhibition of EGFR enhances the productions of IRF1 and IFN-λ, in accompany with reduced RSV infection (Figure 5(f)) (Kalinowski et al. 2018).
Characterization of potent RSV neutralizing antibodies isolated from human memory B cells and identification of diverse RSV/hMPV cross-neutralizing epitopes
Published in mAbs, 2019
Xiao Xiao, Aimin Tang, Kara S. Cox, Zhiyun Wen, Cheryl Callahan, Nicole L. Sullivan, Deborah D. Nahas, Scott Cosmi, Jennifer D. Galli, Michael Minnier, Deeptak Verma, Kerim Babaoglu, Hua Su, Andrew J. Bett, Kalpit A. Vora, Zhifeng Chen, Lan Zhang
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are genetically related single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses that were recently reclassified into the newly created Pneumoviridae family from Paramyxoviridae family.1 RSV is the most important pathogen of pediatric acute lower respiratory tract illness (ALRI) worldwide and the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants.2–4 Furthermore, RSV can infect individuals of all ages and cause severe disease in the elderly and immunocompromised populations.5–8 No licensed RSV vaccine is currently available. Palivizumab (Synagis®), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets RSV surface fusion protein F, is commercially available for RSV prophylaxis, but the application is restricted to only pediatric patients with high risk of RSV infection due to the limited effectiveness.9,10 hMPV is another major pathogen that causes respiratory-tract infection in children and adults worldwide, and no vaccines or therapeutics are available for hMPV infections.11–16 Hence, there is substantial unmet medical need for efficacious vaccines and potent neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to provide protection to children and high-risk adults from RSV and hMPV infections.
Progress in the development of virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Fu-Shi Quan, Swarnendu Basak, Ki-Back Chu, Sung Soo Kim, Sang-Moo Kang
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the pneumoviridae family, containing fusion protein (F) and attachment (G) glycoprotein on the surface of the virion, which are directed toward outside from the virion membrane. The F glycoproteins are relatively conserved among the different RSV A and B strains. RSV F and G glycoproteins contain B cell and T cell epitopes to generate a protective-immune response in hosts after natural infection [90–92]. Although RSV contains another surface glycoprotein, SH glycoprotein, but naturally it is weakly immunogenic [93]. RSV VLP vaccines have been generated by expressing RSV G or F glycoproteins. As seen in Figure 1(b) and Table 3, Newcastle diseases virus (NDV) VLPs containing the ectodomain of RSV G and F proteins have been generated. Recombinant chimeric RSV-NDV constructs of RSV G and F protein fused to the cytoplasmic tail (CT) and the transmembrane (TM) domain of NDV hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and F protein were generated to produce RSV VLP vaccines based on NDV structural proteins [94,95]. Interaction between the TM-CT of chimeric RSV-NDV glycoproteins and NDV – nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix M protein was necessary for efficient production of chimeric RSV-NDV VLP vaccines in avian cells by DNA transfection [95,96]. Both chimeric F(F/F) and G (H/G) proteins were together co-presented on the surface of NDV-VLP with the help of NDV structural proteins for VLP assembly and budding [94]. Chimeric RSV – NDV VLP vaccines containing RSV G or RSV G + F proteins were immunogenic and prevented the replication of RSV in mice without causing vaccine-enhanced RSV lung histopathology [94,95].