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Respiratory Tract Infections
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Respiratory infections happen in the lungs, chest, sinuses, nose, and throat. Recurrent respiratory infections are a major cause of hospitalizations. Examples of chronic respiratory infections include the common cold, pneumonia, rhinosinusitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, croup, streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat), and influenza (flu). The symptoms of chronic respiratory infections can include shortness of breath, fatigue, mucus production, fever, sore throat, postnasal drip or nasal discharge, bad breath, and cough.
Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Respiratory infections are recognised to occur from a range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and so-called ‘atypical’ bacteria. Typical respiratory viral pathogens include RNA viruses such as rhinovirus, enterovirus, coronavirus, coxsackie virus, influenza, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Relevant DNA viruses include adenovirus species.
Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Many possible mechanisms have been postulated for age-induced olfactory defects (Doty 1991). One theory posits that degenerative processes caused by toxins and viruses produce a cumulative effect on the olfactory epithelium. A second theory suggests that age-related immunocompromise predisposes people to upper respiratory infections, which may be followed by postviral upper respiratory infection-induced anosmia. The premise of a third hypothesis suggests that in the elderly, the central neural pathway degenerates with concomitant reduction in noradrenergic chemosensory projections. A fourth theory postulates ossification of the foramina of the cribriform plate with secondary occlusion and compression of the olfactory fila. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
The role of serum inflammatory in mycoplasma pneumonia infection with respiratory asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Xiaoju Zhou, Wei Jiang, Qianyi Zhou, Wenjie Yang
Although MP infection has been diagnosed and investigated for decades, the pathophysiology of MP infection related to pulmonary asthma (MP-RA) remains unknown. According to one prominent theory, MP-RA by adhering to airway epithelial cells causes immunological and inflammatory responses such as autoantibody synthesis and immune antibody development (9–15). Toxins are released as a result of the immunological response, causing harm to the respiratory system and other target organs (16,17). Following MP infection, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 were shown to accumulate (18). According to research, vitamin A and 25(OH)D deficiency, two key nutrients that stimulate the immune system, put youngsters at risk for respiratory infections (18,19). Although many people with respiratory infections have low immune factor levels. There has been no research on the link between these parameters and illness severity (20). Furthermore, in youngsters, IgM is a very sensitive marker of Parkinson’s disease infection (21). Lung immunoglobulin (IgM) from Alzheimer’s disease is a marker of recent primary infection, although it may persist for months after infection. IgA pneumonia has been suggested as a valid predictor of recent PM infection in adults (22).
Comparison of two point-of-care respiratory panels for the detection of influenza A/B virus
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Alexandros Zafiropoulos, Aspasia Dermitzaki, Nikos Malliarakis, Marina Stamataki, Maria Ergazaki, Evangelia Xenaki, Maria-Eleni Parakatselaki, George Sourvinos
Rapid and accurate diagnostics on admission of patients with suspected seasonal influenza or other pathogens of the upper respiratory tract is crucial [2]. The broad differential diagnosis of respiratory infections [3] in combination with the extreme variety of molecular diagnostic tests and the large number of possible viral pathogens renders rational test selection by the clinician essential. Specifically for influenza A/B virus, fast detection is important, since patients should be isolated to prevent the virus from spreading [4]. To facilitate decision making for clinicians, multiplex respiratory panels have been developed, that allow simultaneous detection of a number of common respiratory pathogens, including the influenza A/B virus [5]. Such a syndromic testing is based on multiplex tests performed over the same sample under homogeneous conditions. It simplifies testing algorithms, allowing clinicians to focus on clinical management decisions [6]. It improves sensitivity and turnaround time [7], while it has the potential to advance in the future beyond the walls of the clinical virology laboratory towards the bedside, as a true point-of-care (POC) system. Although syndromic testing offers significant advantages, it also has several disadvantages. Multiplex assays need to be carefully assessed before being integrated into clinical practice and their impact on economic sustainability of public health laboratories should also be considered [8].
Emerging drugs in the treatment of chronic cough
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2023
Danica Brister, Mustafaa Wahab, Moaaz Rashad, Nermin Diab, Martin Kolb, Imran Satia
Chronic cough is a common and debilitating condition that impacts approximately 10% of the general population, but with large global variations in prevalence ranging from 2 to 18% [1] [2]. Cough is one of the most common symptoms of respiratory disease and can persist long after the resolution of the inciting complaint, such as a viral or bacterial respiratory infection. Cough impacts multiple domains of patient experience including social, psychological, and physical well being [3,4]. The associated symptoms of incontinence, social isolation, and sleep disruption add to the physical discomfort of frequent coughing and can erode quality of life. When cough accompanies an underlying medical condition such as asthma, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), interstitial lung disease (ILD), gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), or upper airway cough syndromes (UACS), therapies targeting the disease can often have little to no impact on cough, leaving patients and health providers frustrated.