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Order Mononegavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The order Mononegavirales is the second largest among other negative single-stranded RNA virus orders after the Bunyavirales order (see Chapter 32) by number of families, currently 11, according to the recent detailed taxonomy (ICTV 2020; Kuhn et al. 2020). This is the major order in the class Monjiviricetes of the subphylum Haploviricotina, phylum Negarnaviricota, kingdom Orthornavirae, realm Riboviria. The other order of the Monjiviricetes class, namely Jingchuvirales, consists of the only family Chuviridae with the only Mivirus genus of 30 insect-specific species.
Measles and its neurological complications
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Benedikt Weissbrich, Jürgen Schneider-Schaulies
Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Mononegavirales group, which comprises the Rhabdo-, Filo-, and Paramyxoviridae [2]. As a paramyxovirus, MV possesses structural and biochemical features associated with this group, however it lacks a detectable virion-associated neuraminidase activity. Therefore, it has been grouped into a separate genus, the morbilliviruses. Other members of this group include rinderpest virus, which infects cattle; peste des petits ruminants, which infects sheep and goats; canine distemper virus, which infects various carnivores; phocine distemper virus; dolphin morbillivirus; and porpoise morbillivirus. All these viruses exhibit antigenic similarities, and produce similar diseases in their host species, but their neuroinvasiveness differs considerably. Whereas canine distemper virus causes neurological disease in approximately 50% of infected dogs, MV causes encephalomyelitis in about 0.1% of cases.
Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Eric T. Beck, Kelly J. Henrickson
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are members of the family Paramyxoviridae in the order Mononegavirales. The family is further divided into two subfamilies: Pneumovirinae and Paramyxovirinae. HPIVs, of which there are currently four recognized viruses (HPIV-1, -2, -3, and -4) are members of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, HPIV-1 and -3 are members of the genus Respirovirus and HPIV-2 and -4 are members of the genus Rubulavirus. HPIVs, like all members of the family Paramyxoviridae, contain nonsegmented, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genomes.
Ebola vaccine trials: progress in vaccine safety and immunogenicity
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Keesha M. Matz, Andrea Marzi, Heinz Feldmann
Structurally, ebolaviruses appear as enveloped filamentous particles [3,6,9]. As a typical mononegavirales, they possess a single-stranded negative-sense non-segmented RNA genome. The genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (NP) and associated with the polymerase (L), the polymerase co-factor viral protein (VP35) and the transcriptional activator VP30 which altogether make up the nucleocapsid. This structure is associated with VP24 and surrounded by the matrix protein, VP40. The transmembrane glycoprotein (GP) is a class 1 fusion protein and forms trimeric spikes on the outside of the virion envelope. It displays receptor-binding and fusion functions and, thus, is essential for virus entry into the cell. Since GP is an important target for the host immune response, it has been the main viral component for vaccine development.