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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
Ebola virus disease (previously known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever) is a severe and often fatal disease of humans caused by the Ebola virus, a single-stranded RNA virus. There are five strains of Ebola virus.
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Ebola viral disease is a serious and mostly fatal disease in humans, caused by the ebola virus, which belongs to the Filoviridae family, and is a single-stranded RNA virus (Baikerikar 2017). The 2014 ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic in West Africa was the biggest outbreak since the disease was first reported in 1976. The disease is associated with a high risk of death, killing an average of about 50% of infected people, with the highest mortality rate of up to 90% (Formenty 2014).
Out of Nowhere
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
The incubation period of Ebola virus disease (EVD) – previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever – ranges from 2 to 21 days but symptoms most commonly begin 8–10 days after contact with the virus. Illness onset is sudden, with fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, sore throat, and intense weakness. This is followed by stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, and impaired kidney and liver function. Many patients develop red eyes due to conjunctival injection, hiccups and signs of internal and external bleeding. In 50–90% of cases, severe hemorrhage, multiple organ failure and shock develop, resulting in death. Survivors were previously not thought to be infectious but the virus persists in semen for up to 3 months post recovery and sexual transmission has been confirmed.125
Ocular Toxoplasmosis Associated Dark Without Pressure
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Paul J. Steptoe, Catherine M. Guly, Andrew D. Dick
The majority of DWP areas published to date have been observed in isolation (and therefore of unknown aetiology), commonly in the mid-peripheral fundus5–7,14 and regarded as benign entities.15 However, cases of perilesional DWP enable an insight into their underlying aetiology, where the cause is known. While perilesional areas of DWP have been reported adjacent to non-infectious lesions such as congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium,16 and choroidal osteomas,17 they have also been associated with infectious aetiologies such as Ebola retinal lesions.8 Over a 12-month observational period, 1 year following Ebola virus disease (EVD) infection, areas of DWP were observed to retract back towards EVD lesions in some cases, while in other examples were observed to both simultaneously expand and contract at opposing DWP margins suggesting the presence of an unknown prolonged intraretinal stimulus post-infection.8
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
So far, there is no specific drug to treat DENV infection. Bekerman et al. (2017) have revealed the antiviral activity of combined treatment of erlotinib and sunitinib in two DENV-infected IFN-α/β and IFN-γ receptor-deficient murine models, AG129 and AG-B6. Erlotinib is a reversible EGFR inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC and pancreatic cancer, whereas sunitinib is an ATP-competitive multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumour, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (Shukla et al. 2009; Blumenthal et al. 2012). Prophylactic and daily combined treatment of erlotinib and sunitinib at 30 mg/kg respectively resulted in 11-fold reduction in DENV viremia in infected AG-B mice. This combined treatment also reduced morbidity and mortality in AG-129 and AG-B6 mice infected with lethal DENV inoculum. In addition to DENV, Bekerman et al. also demonstrated that the combined treatment inhibited Ebola virus (EBOV) infection in vivo. EBOV is one of the members of family Filoviridae that causes haemorrhagic fever associated with 50–90% human mortality. It is an enveloped virus that consists of non-segmented, single stranded and negative-sense RNA genome (Lee et al. 2008). Prophylactic and daily treatment of erlotinib and sunitinib at 45 and 5 mg/kg respectively reduced morbidity and mortality in EBOV-infected mice, as evidenced by greater weight gain and 50% survival (Bekerman et al. 2017). However, little is known on the role of EGFR in EBOV infection.
Defibrotide: potential for treating endothelial dysfunction related to viral and post-infectious syndromes
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Edward Richardson, David García-Bernal, Eleonora Calabretta, Rubén Jara, Marta Palomo, Rebecca M. Baron, Gregory Yanik, Jawed Fareed, Israel Vlodavsky, Massimo Iacobelli, Maribel Díaz-Ricart, Paul G. Richardson, Carmelo Carlo-Stella, Jose M. Moraleda
Severe manifestations of the Ebola virus including overt hemorrhage, shock, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Excessive proinflammatory cytokine production and absence of immune responses are recognized as major factors in the development of these phenomena [69]. As the Ebola virus infects monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and ECs, direct infection may also contribute to disruption of endothelial homeostasis [70]. Widespread endothelial activation and dysfunction are an integral component of pathogenesis, leading to loss of vascular integrity, increased vascular permeability, and activation-dysregulation of the coagulation pathway [66]. This presents the endothelium as an attractive target in therapeutic approaches for Ebola virus infection, a disease with few established therapeutic strategies. Indeed, statins and ARBs have been utilized for their endothelial protective effects in the treatment of Ebola virus infection, with reported improvements in patient mortality [71]. As DF also protects endothelium and may similarly downregulate the Ang-II signaling axis, DF may also achieve therapeutic effects in patients with Ebola virus infection. As cytokine storm is recognized as a critical factor in Ebola virus disease; moreover, DF may stand to modulate the impact of excessive cytokine production on the endothelium. To our knowledge, DF has not been utilized in the treatment of these infections.