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The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Measles was first described in the seventeenth century and was shown to be infectious in 1758 by transmission to human volunteers. The disease was transmitted to monkeys in 1911 and, in 1954, Enders isolated and grew the causative virus in cells in culture. The virus belongs to the family of large enveloped RNA viruses referred to as the Paramyxoviridae (Table 16.1). The acute disease caused by measles virus is called rubeola. Rubeola is distinct from rubella or German measles, which is caused by a Togavirus (Tables 16.1 and 16.2). The measles virus is related to the canine distemper virus, the Sendai virus of mice, and the rinderpest virus of cattle. Other members of the Paramyxoviridae include mumps virus and respiratory syncytial virus.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Important human viruses in this family include parainfluenza, mumps, measles, and respiratory syncytial viruses. Infections caused by the mumps and measles viruses are relatively well controlled, at least in some developed countries, by widespread use of effective vaccines [214–216], although concern has been expressed about the actual efficacy of the currently used measles vaccines [216]. It is not thought that these viruses should be considered primary targets of antiviral chemotherapy. Predictive animal models for either infection are not known. For the purpose of this chapter, only the parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus representatives of the Paramyxoviridae family will be considered.
Diagnostic Approach to Fulminant Hepatitis in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Paramyxoviridae is a family of RNA viruses that is associated with diseases such as measles, mumps, and respiratory tract infections (respiratory syncytial virus). Giant cell hepatitis, a relatively common pathological finding in neonates, is a cholestatic disorder caused by a virus in the Paramyxovirus family that is associated with symptoms of cholestatic jaundice, dark urine, light/acholic stools, and hepatomegaly. In adults, the viral course is typically rapid. Laboratory abnormalities resemble that of other viral hepatitides [43,44]. On liver biopsy, numerous enlarged multinucleated hepatocytes with abundant cytoplasm can be seen. Specific ELISA and RT-PCR testing can be performed, although the diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings [43]. Its occurrence has been reported in post-liver transplantation patients and is treated effectively with ribavirin [44].
Prevention of viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients in the era of COVID-19: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Paraskevas Filippidis, Julien Vionnet, Oriol Manuel, Matteo Mombelli
RSV is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is responsible for seasonal annual epidemics worldwide. While classically observed in healthy children aged 2 years or less, RSV infections may also occur in children or adult SOT recipients, with a lower incidence than influenza virus, but a similar clinical presentation [56]. In addition to avoidance measures, the RSV-specific humanized monoclonal antibody pavilizumab is the only effective preventive treatment currently approved [88]. Prophylaxis with pavilizumab is currently recommended for high-risk children aged 2 years or less [89]. Pavilizumab is commonly used among pediatric SOT recipients, especially for heart and lung transplants [90,91], although data in the SOT setting are lacking [63]. No approved vaccines for the prevention of RSV are currently available.
Inner ear gene delivery: vectors and routes
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2020
Chris Valentini, Betsy Szeto, Jeffrey W. Kysar, Anil K. Lalwani
Viral-mediated gene delivery into the inner ear has been applied to animal models using various viral vectors including adenovirus [3–6], adeno-associated virus [7–10], lentivirus [11–13], herpes simplex virus [14–16], vaccinia virus [16], and Sendai virus [17,18]. These viral vectors have previously been reviewed in detail [19]. While adenovirus (AdV) has high transfection efficiency and can accommodate large gene inserts, AdV-mediated gene therapy results in only transient expression of the transgene [20]. Lentivirus, a retrovirus, can achieve long term gene expression and can also accommodate large gene inserts, but may be immunogenic and ototoxic and carries the danger of random integration into the genome [12]. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a neurotropic vector, has been used to transduce neurotropin-3 within mice to prevent cisplatin-induced damage [14]. Both HSV and vaccinia virus may elicit strong immune responses within the host. Sendai virus, of the paramyxoviridae family, is a promising vector because of its low pathogenicity, high transduction efficiency, and location exclusively within the cytoplasm [17,18]. However, this vector has been less thoroughly investigated for inner ear gene delivery compared to other viral vectors.
Emerging antibacterial and antiviral drugs for treating respiratory tract infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2018
Marco Mantero, Paola Rogliani, Mario Cazzola, Francesco Blasi, Marta Di Pasquale
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an envelop virus of Paramyxoviridae family, and it is responsible for acute episodes of LRTI in particular in young children [51,52] with an incidence that was estimated in 33.8 million new episodes in years worldwide in children younger than 5 years and 3.4 million of hospitalization worldwide because of severe LRTI in 2005 [51], and recently revised of 33.1 million uncertainty range ([UR] 21.6–50.3) episodes of RSV-acute lower tract respiratory infection (RSV-ALRI). 27,300 (UR 20,700–36,200) inhospital deaths were due to RSV-ALRI, with an estimated mortality as high as 118,200 (UR 94,600–149,400) [53]. Economic burden of RSV infection is substantial [54,55]. Management of RSV infection is challenging since no vaccines are available at the moment [56] and the two approved drugs, palivizumab and ribavirin are not completely effective [57] and their use is recommended only for patients at high risk of complications [57].