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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
There is increasing interest in the human microbiome (Figure 3.1), which is all the microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa) that live on or inside the human body, including the gut, respiratory tract, genitourinary system and skin. The microbiome is a key contributor to human health, with gut bacteria helping to digest food, regulate the immune system and produce vitamins. People with chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and autoimmune disease are known to have an altered microbiome.
Emotional Wellness and Stress Resilience
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Elizabeth R. Click, Alyssa Vela
Nutrition, a core aspect of lifestyle, is critical to overall health. While this knowledge has been well established for decades, the effect of nutrition on emotional wellness is still being explored. Understanding of the mind–body connection has developed as research focused on the microbiome has grown. The microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microbes in and around the human body, with the majority of microbes living in the gut. The microbiome facilitates digestion, regulates immunity, aids in synthesis of some vitamins, fosters growth and development, and stimulates neurons to send signals to the brain via the vagus nerve (Bull & Plummer, 2014; Galland, 2014). Studies have identified the modulating effect of the gastrointestinal microbiome on behavior through the neuroendocrine and immune systems (Sylvia & Demas, 2018), a complex, scientific relationship. Similarly, positive effects on well-being were found by Mujcic and Oswald (2016) following fruit and vegetable consumption. Yet, inconsistent findings within other studies highlight the need for more research to better understand the intricate relationship between food and emotional wellness (Schultchen et al., 2019).
Fatigue
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
Probiotics are live microorganisms that help balance your microbiome and keep your digestive system functioning properly. Clinical trials suggest that exposure to healthy microbes through the gastrointestinal tract powerfully shapes immune function. Multiple studies have indicated that probiotics containing a blend of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and streptococci can provide optimal support for a diverse range of health needs. Think of probiotics as the beneficial microorganisms that help fight the microscopic harmful bugs that cause inflammation and other problems in your gut.
Chronic exposure to ampicillin alters lung microbial composition in laboratory rat
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2023
Ping Chen, Tingting Hu, Haonan Jiang, Bing Li, Guiying Li, Pixin Ran, Yumin Zhou
COPD is a common and frequently occurring disease of respiratory system, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.21,22 The relationship between the changes in healthy lung microbiota and the progression of early COPD remains unclear. Antibiotic exposure can alter the microbiota. And a number of studies have found that long-term prophylactic antibiotic use in COPD for a period of up to 6 or 12 months, could reduce the number of patients with exacerbations and exacerbation frequency, and increase possibly health-related quality of life.23,24 Animal models are valuable tools to investigate the lung microbiota as technical and ethical restrictions often limited the direct lung studies in humans. The rat is the most commonly used animal model. The COPD rat model-making needed to be exposed to smoke for 20 week.25 During the time of the 20 week of model-making, using the antibiotic to intervene in the lung microbiota could benefit to uncover the relationship between the lung microbiota change in healthy rats and the formation of COPD. The maximal duration of continuous prophylactic antibiotics was 12 months, and for pulsed antibiotics it was 36 months.23,24 There are no data on the impact of very long-term antibiotic use on the lung microbiota of healthy rats.
Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xiao Liang, Nini Dai, Kangliang Sheng, Hengqian Lu, Jingmin Wang, Liping Chen, Yongzhong Wang
Diseases are strongly correlated with biological imbalances involving intestinal microbiota. Diagnosing the existence and development of diseases by detecting changes in gut flora is a crucial area of clinical research. Current studies surrounding biomarkers are dominated by detection of changes in microbiota and metabolites in fecal samples; however, in fecal samples, in addition to live bacteria, a significant number of dead bacteria are also present. The possible reasons for bacterial death are numerous and may involve drug-induced inactivation or prolonged exposure of bacteria to air during sampling. The existence of these partially-inactivated bacteria will undoubtedly interfere with the search for disease-related biomarkers, making it difficult to translate research findings into clinical settings.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 decreases subjective academic stress in healthy adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Lucas Wauters, Luka Van Oudenhove, Alison Accarie, Karlien Geboers, Hannelore Geysen, Joran Toth, Anja Luypaerts, Kristin Verbeke, Tamara Smokvina, Jeroen Raes, Jan Tack, Tim Vanuytsel
The study of the interaction between psychological stress and gastrointestinal (GI) function is a complex and developing field. The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain or gut-brain axis has been considered a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of both irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).1,2 However, the exact mechanisms through which changes in the gut alter brain functioning, feelings, and behavior remain unclear. Gut microbes may play an important role as germ-free mice showed exaggerated responses to stress compared to specific pathogen-free mice, which were reversible through re-colonization with Bifidobacterium infantis.3 Probiotics are live micro-organisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, exert a health benefit on the host and offer the opportunity to modulate the gut microbiota and thus central nervous function.4 Indeed, recent systematic reviews suggested that some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains may reduce anxiety and L. rhamnosus was identified as a potential anxiolytic species based on preclinical data.5,6L. rhamnosus JB-1, formerly referred to as L. reuteri, reduced depressive-like behavior in mice,7,8 which was abolished after vagotomy.7 However, these promising preclinical findings were not reproduced with L. rhamnosus JB-1 in healthy humans after a socially evaluated cold pressor test.9