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Cognitive Disorders and Lifestyle Change
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Since the 19th century, the effects of gastrointestinal tract on brain function has been recognized (Hirschberg et al., 2019). Around 70–80% of the human body’s immune cells are located in the gastrointestinal tract (Yoo & Mazmanian, 2017). Dysbiosis is an imbalance of types of microflora in the gut causing increased gut permeability, causing toxins to leak into the bloodstream, which may contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. The role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis can influence the brain and vice versa. Gut microbiota imbalances have been seen in individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, autoimmune disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. For example, in chronic autoimmune celiac disease (CD), changes in gut microbiota have been found. Symptoms of CD not only negatively impact the gastrointestinal system but can also cause neurological symptoms, including neuropathy and cognitive impairment. The underlying causes of dysbiosis include a Westernized diet, antibiotics, chronic stress, and infections. Key nutrients for gut health include: Omega-3 fatty acids (Costantini et al., 2017), vitamin D (Yamamoto & Jørgensen, 2020), vitamin A (Brown & Noelle, 2015), iron (Rusu et al., 2020), zinc (Zackular et al., 2016), and vitamin E (Liu et al., 2021). Interventions to return balance to the gut microbiota include dietary modifications, reduction of stress, and the use of prebiotics along with further research.
Sjögren's Disease
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
The role of oral and intestinal microbiota alteration in SjD has also been explored (121–123). In several studies, SjD patients demonstrated reduced microbial diversity, otherwise known as dysbiosis. An association between dysbiosis and a higher disease activity was also suggested.
The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Dysbiosis is the imbalance or maladaptation of the gut microbiome. Low diversity and richness can present as dysbiosis and are associated with higher levels of inflammation,12 higher adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. A 2013 study13 published in the journal Nature studied participants (n = 292) in two characterized groups, delineated by the number of gut microbial genes (gut bacterial richness) with an average 40% difference between low gene count (LGC) individuals and high gene count (HCG) individuals. Individuals with low bacterial gene richness (23% of the study population) were characterized by an increase in adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Additionally, low bacterial richness individuals showed a more pronounced inflammatory phenotype when compared with high bacterial richness individuals. Various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, are associated with dysbiosis that is distinguishable by a unique microbiota profile.
Porphyromonas gingivalis diffusible signaling molecules enhance Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation via gene expression modulation
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Yukiko Yamaguchi-Kuroda, Yuichiro Kikuchi, Eitoyo Kokubu, Kazuyuki Ishihara
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease, with a global age-standardized prevalence of approximately 10% [1]. Inflammation caused by this disease disrupts the periodontal ligament, induces resorption of the alveolar bone, and results in tooth loss [2,3]. A major feature of this disease is dysbiosis, which is a shift in the composition and abundance of the subgingival microbiota toward more pathogenic species [4]; however, the details of the dysbiotic shift are yet to be elucidated. Understanding the intricacies of dysbiosis is essential for developing treatment and prevention strategies for this condition. Periodontopathic bacteria implicated in dysbiosis include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Filifactor alocis, which are abundant in periodontitis lesions [5–7]. Among them, P. gingivalis is a key microorganism for the induction of this dysbiotic shift of the microbiome [8].
Dysbiosis in Takayasu arteritis complicated with infectious endocarditis following tocilizumab administration
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
T Shirai, H Sato, T Ishii, H Fujii
Because the oral hygiene of both patients was maintained, bacterial entry presumably occurred elsewhere. We examined the intestinal microbiota in TAK using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing before the onset of IE and compared the intestinal microbiota of these patients with the reference samples derived from the average of 1716 healthy controls (Figure 1C). Dysbiosis was observed in both patients. Bacteroides were not frequent, and Blautia and Streptococcus were the most abundant in case 1 (TAK-IE-1) and case 2 (TAK-IE-2), respectively. Streptococcus was the second major genus in case 1, in which Streptococcus caused IE. Prevotella was infrequent and the frequencies of Ruminococcus and Roseburia increased. Desbois et al investigated the blood microbiome profile of TAK patients, identifying an increase in Clostridia, Cytophagia, and Deltaproteobacteria, and a decrease in bacilli (7). Although the precise dysbiosis in TAK is still under investigation, a disturbed balance of intestinal microbiota, combined with the barrier dysfunction caused by long-term use of corticosteroids, could lead to bacterial entry through the intestine. Because interleukin-6 plays physiological roles in the intestine, TCZ critically influences intestinal homoeostasis. Moreover, TCZ masked inflammatory manifestations. Special attention should be paid when TCZ is used in TAK patients with a history of vascular surgery because of the risk of IE. This study suggests the importance of dysbiosis in the development of IE in TAK patients.
Biofilm-based delivery approaches and specific enrichment strategies of probiotics in the human gut
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Jie Gao, Faizan Ahmed Sadiq, Yixin Zheng, Jinrong Zhao, Guoqing He, Yaxin Sang
Human gut harbors trillions of diverse microorganisms which live in an intricate balance, and dynamics of which are affected by host and environmental factors, including the diet and lifestyle. A perturbed gut leads to several pathological conditions and aberrant metabolism. The use of probiotics, among many other microbiome-modulating interventions, has been well acknowledged as a strategy to overcome the conditions associated with gut dysbiosis, because of their role in replenishing missing microbial groups. Development of specific prebiotics for targeted growth of bacteria at the species or strain level, in the human gut is also very important to modify the host colonic microbiota toward a healthier composition. Unique gut bacterial profiles with dominance of specific genera and species are linked with health and disease status.