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Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Spirochetal (Nonvenereal) Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Some commensal bacteria live on skin as part of the normal skin flora without causing any harm. They can, however, also become pathogenic and cause a wide variety of skin presentations. Some are easily treatable, while others can cause serious life-threatening infections.
Kidney transplantation
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Renal transplantation is performed with the patient in the supine position. A prophylactic antibiotic with coverage against skin flora is administered. A Foley catheter is placed into the bladder or urinary reservoir and connected to a three-way system to allow for instillation of povidone−iodine (Betadine®) solution to distend the bladder at the time of urinary reconstruction.
Commensal Flora
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The bacterial flora on the skin protects individuals against colonization by pathogens. Conversely, skin flora can become pathogenic if the organisms penetrate the skin (e.g. when there is a wound). Cellulitis and erysipelas are predominantly caused by S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common skin colonizer and not associated with wound infections. However, this species may cause bloodstream infections in the presence of indwelling devices. Patients who receive chemotherapy for treatment of their underlying malignancy are at risk for mucositis, which increases the risk of bacterial translocation with gut flora. Patients with graft-versus-host disease affecting the skin or gut are at risk for infection.
Non-typhoidal Salmonella soft-tissue infection after gender affirming subcutaneous mastectomy case report
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Branden T. Barger, Mikhail Pakvasa, Melinda Lem, Aishu Ramamurthi, Shadi Lalezari, Cathy Tang
In addition, acne [27] and weight gain [28] are well-documented and common side effects from masculinizing hormone replacement therapy. Though previous literature reports that the most common skin contaminants of acne are Propionibacterium and Cuitbacterium species, other native skin flora and bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, and Corynecterium species, have been documented [29]. Staphylococcus aureus is also known to be the most common bacterial species in patients with seborrheic dermatitis [30]. Our patient did not undergo pre-operative skin flora culturing, however, it is possible that the microbiologic findings from his SSI wounds, including MRSA, Pseudomonas, and Salmonella, may have been contributors to his dermatologic concerns prior to surgery as well as later complicated proper surgical wound healing. Prior research has indicated that acne treatment such as benzoyl peroxide prior to surgery can lower rates of SSI [31,32], however specific research is needed to better elucidate how HRT-associated acnes, native skin flora, and bacterial overgrowth may impact successful wound healing following chest masculinization and other gender affirming procedures.
Symbiotic microorganisms: prospects for treating atopic dermatitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Rongrong Chai, Zongguang Tai, Yunjie Zhu, Chaochao Chai, Zhongjian Chen, Quangang Zhu
The skin flora is the most diverse in the human body and is crucial for host defense. The commensal skin flora protects the host from harmful pathogens and participates in the delicate balance of the immune system between effective protection and destructive inflammation [12]. The skin flora can synthesize and release compounds, such as histamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or peptides, such as alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Some viruses encode neurohormone-mimicking proteins, which may be considered neurohormonal by organisms [89]. Highly inflammatory cytolysins and antimicrobial peptides are secreted by the skin flora, which have an obvious relationship with the skin microenvironment [90,91]. Thus, skin flora dysbiosis is a risk factor for the development or aggravation of skin diseases [92].
Recent advancements in cellulose-based biomaterials for management of infected wounds
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Munira Momin, Varsha Mishra, Sankalp Gharat, Abdelwahab Omri
One of the major obstacles to wound healing is the possibility of infection. Bacteria are widespread in the skin flora and, as a result, in wounds. A threshold of 105 bacteria has been proposed as a distinction between colonization and a clinically significant infection that can hamper wound healing. Chronic wounds are often affected by infection. Chronic wounds like diabetic ulcer or wounds resulting from peripheral vascular disease have more necrotic debris, which facilitate bacterial growth. In most cases, the immune system is compromised which limits the ability of the body to combat these bacterial growths [18]. It is estimated that around 60% of chronic infections are caused due to biofilm formation [16,19]. The bacteria S. aureus, Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) are responsible for a number of chronic wound infections [2]