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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
There is increasing interest in the human microbiome (Figure 3.1), which is all the microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa) that live on or inside the human body, including the gut, respiratory tract, genitourinary system and skin. The microbiome is a key contributor to human health, with gut bacteria helping to digest food, regulate the immune system and produce vitamins. People with chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and autoimmune disease are known to have an altered microbiome.
The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Dysbiosis is the imbalance or maladaptation of the gut microbiome. Low diversity and richness can present as dysbiosis and are associated with higher levels of inflammation,12 higher adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. A 2013 study13 published in the journal Nature studied participants (n = 292) in two characterized groups, delineated by the number of gut microbial genes (gut bacterial richness) with an average 40% difference between low gene count (LGC) individuals and high gene count (HCG) individuals. Individuals with low bacterial gene richness (23% of the study population) were characterized by an increase in adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Additionally, low bacterial richness individuals showed a more pronounced inflammatory phenotype when compared with high bacterial richness individuals. Various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, are associated with dysbiosis that is distinguishable by a unique microbiota profile.
Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
The human gut microbiota is composed mainly of a complex ecology of three microbial types namely bacteria (predominant), archaea, and eukarya along with some viruses and phages. It is now well recognized that among bacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are the predominant phyla, while Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Yerrucomicrobia, and Cyanobacteria are present in relatively lower proportions [34, 55].
The interplay between oral microbiota, gut microbiota and systematic diseases
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Xiujun Tan, Yizhong Wang, Ting Gong
Since the oral cavity is physically connected to the intestine, some researchers reported that the change in gut microbiota could also affect oral microbiota. Branchereau et al. found that different types of gut microbiota correlate to different types of oral microbiota. After a long-term fat-enriched diet, gut microbiota profiles of mice could be classified into three types: diabetic-resistant, intermediate and diabetic-sensitive. Only the periodontal microbiota of diabetic-sensitive mice showed the abundance of the genera Prevotella and Tannerella, which are major periodontal pathogens, suggesting the interaction of gut microbiota and oral microbiota [53]. Similarly, Xiao et al. found that diabetes caused oral microbiota to become more pathogenic. After the onset of hyperglycemia, the oral microbiota had increased levels of Enterobacteriaceae, Aerococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus, which are often associated with periodontitis [54].
Lactobacillus Spp.-Enhanced Memory is Strain-Dependent and Associated, in Part, with Amyloidogenic and anti-Oxidant/Oxidative Stress Interplay in Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Nor Amalina Ahmad Alwi, Siong Meng Lim, Vasudevan Mani, Kalavathy Ramasamy
The global elderly population is on the rise given the improved living standard as well as reduced mortality and fertility rates. Nevertheless, aging is associated with changes in the gut microbiota that increase susceptibility to chronic and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (1). Currently, there is emerging scientific evidence on the communication between the gut microbiota and the nervous system (2). The brain influences the enteric microbiota either directly through release of signaling molecules into the gut lumen or indirectly via changes of gastrointestinal motility and intestinal permeability (3). The gut microbiota, on the other hand, communicates with the brain through immune activation, microbial neurometabolites, tryptophan metabolism and the vagus nerve (4). The Gut-Brain Axis concept raises the possibility of altering the intestinal microbiota as a strategy of prevention and/or treatment of disease (5). Potential ways to alter the gut microbiota in favor of human health include supplementation of the gut with probiotics (6).
Approaches to discern if microbiome associations reflect causation in metabolic and immune disorders
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Marijana Basic, Dominique Dardevet, Peter Michael Abuja, Silvia Bolsega, Stéphanie Bornes, Robert Caesar, Francesco Maria Calabrese, Massimo Collino, Maria De Angelis, Philippe Gérard, Miguel Gueimonde, François Leulier, Eva Untersmayr, Evelien Van Rymenant, Paul De Vos, Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux
The intestinal microbiota executes numerous beneficial functions for the host health. These include synthesis of essential vitamins or metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate), degradation of food components into nutrients, and regulation of metabolic and immune responses.1,6 Over the last 20 years, changes in intestinal microbiota composition or function have been associated with inflammatory, immune, metabolic, and behavioral disorders.7–9 However, most of these studies so far still demonstrate associations between microbiota alterations and host changes. In most instances, it is still unclear whether the observed changes are a cause or just a consequence of the disease progress. Therefore, a major and timely challenge is to infer causality from host and microbiome interactions. This will grant us to develop targeted strategies to prevent disease and modulate intestinal microbiota to the benefit of the host. To this end, the field is currently striving to decipher molecular mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions and to gain insight in how this is related to host physiology and health status.