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Nosocomial Infections Caused by Acinetobacter spp. — Therapeutic Problems
Published in E. Bergogne-Bénézin, M.L. Joly-Guillou, K.J. Towner, Acinetobacter, 2020
Parenteral Antibiotics Treatment is often initiated before culture results are available. The empiric regimen is selected on the basis of examination of respiratory tract samples by Gram’s stain. A diagnosis of Acinetobacter is suspected when Gram-negative diplococci or coccobacilli are seen. Since up to 20% of nosocomial pneumonias are polymicrobial, a broad-spectrum regimen should be initiated, usually the 15-lactam plus aminoglycoside combination which has become a standard empirical regimen for treating pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Unexplained Fever In Infectious Diseases: Section 2: Commonly Encountered Aerobic, Facultative Anaerobic, And Strict Anaerobic Bacteria, Spirochetes, And Parasites
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative coccobacillus, may cause localized infections and also, rarely, life-threatening septicemia. A large number of domestic animals (cats or dogs) harbor this organism in their mouth. Localized infections are common after bites from these animals. Bacteremia may arise even in the absence of a local lesion and may be complicated by pneumonia, empyema, sinusitis, arthritis, pyelonephritis, peritonitis, and meningitis. Rarely, this organism may cause severe septicemia in patients with chronic disease (especially liver diseases) or cancer, with no animal contact. Over a 25-year period, at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, Pasteurella multocida was isolated in 11 patients, 2 of whom had bacteremia.66
Chemical and Biological Threats to Public Safety
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Brucellosis is caused by Gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria of the genus Brucella. Infections are generally zoonotic, with animal reservoirs maintained in sheep, goats, cattle, deer, elk, pigs, and dogs. Human infections are acquired by contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated unpasteurized dairy products, and improper laboratory handling (inhalation and cutaneous exposure).‡ Over 500,000 cases are reported worldwide annually. The disease is frequently a problem in countries that do not have good standardized and effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are countries in the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. Unpasteurized cheeses (“village cheeses”) from these areas may present a particular risk for tourists. Close person-to-person transmission is rare. The incidence is lower in the United States (100 to 200 cases annually), and it is most commonly reported from California and Texas and in residents and visitors from Mexico.
Brucellosis in older person: a case report from Qatar
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Hanadi Khamis Al Hamad, Navas Nadukkandiyil, Mohammed Al Husami, Hebatullah Ahmed Abdelgawad, Sanjeevikumar Meenakshisundaram, Osman Bashir Nemeri
Human brucellosis is quite uncommon in the elderly in Qatar. This report describes a case of brucellosis in Acute Geriatric Care at Ruamailah Hospital in Qatar. Brucellosis is a multisystem disease with a broad spectrum of non-specific symptoms that generally occur within three weeks but sometimes up to 3 months after inoculation [1]. Brucellosis is considered as the most common zoonosis worldwide and manifests in a wide range of cases from asymptomatic ones to those with serious diseases [2]. In case of organ involvement, the disease is said to have local involvement or complication. In humans, it developed as a result of consuming unpasteurized, contaminated dairy products; example a goat’s or camel milk, soft cheese or butter that had been infected with Brucella species such as Brucella melitensis isolated from ruminant (B. melitensis). This Gram-negative, aerobic non-spore forming coccobacillus is a free-living, soil-dwelling organism that usually infects goats, camel and sheep. In infected hosts, the bacterium appears as intracellular localization. Although the disease can occur in all age groups, young individuals are most affected. Its incidence in children and the elderly is relatively low. Old age (≥65 years) primarily characterized by reduced biological reserves [3]. Prevention of brucellosis is dependent mainly upon increasing public awareness, recently noted that reporting brucellosis among elderly gradually increasing. Therefore, it is important to educate elderly population about the pattern of thisdisease and extra cautious for raw milk consumption and animal contact.
Prevalence of Acb and non-Acb complex in elderly population with urinary tract infection (UTI)
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2021
Smiline Girija AS, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Paramasivam A
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus–baumannii complex [Acb complex] with A. calcoaceticus and A. baumannii and the other species of Acinetobacter genus constituting A. lwoffii, A. hemolyticus, A. jhonsonii, A. pitti, A. radioresistens and A. nosocomialis are reported as priority pathogens causing nosocomial infections and various other recalcitrant infections [1]. Acinetobacter species has been genotyped into various groups by DNA–DNA hybridisation studies [2]. Most of the species are considered as saprophytic pathogens habituating the soil and environment, and its role as a nosocomial pathogen is recently an explorable fact [3]. Acinetobacter sp., is a gram negative coccobacilli and a strict aerobe and has been implicated in hospital-acquired infections [HAI], community-acquired pneumonia [CAP], ventilator- associated pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis [4]. Of the Acinetobacter, A. baumannii has been recognised as a potent pathogen either as mono-microbial or as poly-microbial pathogen in urinary tract infections (UTIs), secondary meningitis, infective endocarditis and wound and burn infections [5].
Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the era of conjugate vaccines: critical factors for successful eradication
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Mary Slack, Susanna Esposito, Hervé Haas, Attila Mihalyi, Michael Nissen, Piyali Mukherjee, Lauriane Harrington
Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus causing a variety of diseases, from otitis media and sinusitis to invasive diseases, such as meningitis and bacteremic pneumonia. Of the 6 known serotypes (a–f), serotype b (Hib) accounted for 95% of all H. influenzae invasive disease in the pre-vaccine era [1]. At that time Hib was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children <5 years of age, with more than 83% of cases occurring in children aged <2 years [2]. Although it has decreased over the last three decades, the burden of Hib disease remains significant. In 2015, among children younger than 5 years, there were an estimated 340,000 cases of severe Hib infection globally, with the majority (76%) presenting as pneumonia, and 29,600 deaths attributed to Hib [3].